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Ask questions in Italian: Viaggiare
Write
chi, come, dove, quale, quando, quanto
or the equivalent feminine and plural declinations
e.g. Mi scusi, quantocosta il biglietto del tram?
Quante fermate devo fare?
(Quale) autobus devo prendere per andare al Colosseo?
(Dove) si trova la fermata più vicina?
(Dove) posso comprare il biglietto? (Quanto) costano due biglietti?
First blog, quiz and audio of a series about the Congiuntivo
Congiuntivo presente of Essere and Avere
At the beginning of your Italian classes, you probably learned the tenses of the indicativo, such as the presente, passato prossimo,imperfetto etcetera. If you are familiar with the tenses of the indicativo, it’s time to learn the congiuntivo presente and express a wider range of concepts and situations in Italian.
We can simplify and say that whereas the indicativo is the mood of reality, the congiuntivo is the mood of possibility, uncertainty and opinion.
There are four tenses of the congiuntivo:
presente
passato
imperfetto
trapassato
Today we are going to study the congiuntivo presente of essere and avere. This will come in handy when we’ll approach the congiuntivo passato.
Look at the sentence
Penso che Fabio sia un bravo ragazzo.
Instead of
“Penso che Fabio è un bravo ragazzo”
we need to use the congiuntivo sia.
I’m expressing my personal opinion about Fabio, not a fact;
I think now that Fabio is a good guy, so I have to use the presente tense.
The congiuntivo needs
two sentences (clauses) connected with the word che (that). Io penso is the main sentence, che Fabio sia…is a dependent clause.
two different subjects (io & Fabio in this case)
a verb expressing a thought, emotion, opinion, desire… not a fact
the congiuntivo is always in a dependent clause
There are some exceptions to these four “pillars” of the congiuntivo, but in most cases we need all these conditions for the congiuntivo to be necessary. If one is missing, depending on the sentence, the congiuntivo is redundant.
For example, when the subject of the two clauses doesn’t change, the congiuntivo is not necessary:
Fabio (he)thinks he‘s a good guy:
Fabio pensa di essere un bravo ragazzo.
Let’s see the present tense of essere and avere
PLEASE NOTE
The following rules apply to the congiuntivo, regardless of the tense we want to use. Please keep this first blog as a reference. The same rules are valid for the next tenses we are going to study.
We use the congiuntivo for expressing:
un’opinione (opinion) – Pensano che Luigi abbia un buon cuore.
un’incertezza (uncertainty) – Non sappiamo se i tuoi amici siano delle persone oneste.
una speranza (hope) – Speriamo che tu abbia il tempo di venire alla festa.
una volontà (will) – Voglio che il lavoro sia pronto alle 10 di domani.
un timore (worry) – Ho paura che Michele non abbia abbastanza soldi.
un dubbio (doubt) – Il mio capo non è sicuro che il nuovo ufficio sia adatto.
after impersonal expressions, often times with the verb “essere”
“è bene che”, “è difficile che”, “è facile che”, “è giusto che”, “è necessario che”, “è possibile che”, “occorre che”, “peccato che”, “è impossibile che”, “è improbabile che”, “è probabile che”, “non è giusto che” etc…
È possibile che Mauro abbia l’influenza.
Occorre che tu sia più paziente.
Non è giusto che loro abbiano un lavoro così pesante.
after feelings
“mi dispiace che”, “siamo contenti che”, “è un peccato che”, “lui è felice che” …
Mi dispiace che Davide siatriste.
Siamo contenti che i nostri amici abbianouna casa nuova.
Sono felice che i miei nonni sianoin buona salute.
Essere and Stare are very important Italian verbs. It’s easy to get lost, since sometimes they both mean “to be”
This is a very basic explanation on the difference between essere and stare, two very important Italian verbs. if you want to know more, please book a Zoom class at the bottom of this page,
il verbo STARE
–
presente
imperfetto
io
sto
stavo
tu
stai
stavi
lui / lei
sta
stava
noi
stiamo
stavamo
voi
state
stavate
loro
stanno
stavano
The use of two important Italian verbs, essere and stare, can generate some confusion with English speakers.
To be and to stay roughly correspond to essere and stare, but in some cases they do not. You probably learned in your first Italian class that “How are you?” is “Come stai (tu)?”.
Sto bene / Sto male.
Sono stanco / Sono felice.
We use adverbs with stare (bene, male) and adjectives with essere (stanco, felice) for expressing a physical or mental condition. Stare in this case is very close to essere.
Stare as to be in a place
Il cane sta fuori. – The dog stays outside.
Il cane è fuori. – The dog is outside.
In the first sentence I say that the dog is usually outside, so it needs to stay out; in the second, the dog is outside now. Stare indicates “being” in a place for an amount of time, while essere is just now.
As a side note, quite relevant, in Central and Southern Italy, stare is used quite frequently in sentences where we should use essere. People often say:
Federico adesso sta a Firenze (instead of è a Firenze).
Mia madre sta parecchio arrabbiata (instead of è arrabbiata).
Ci sta un una macchina davanti a casa (instead of c’è).
“I am doing…” VS “(Io) Sto facendo…”. To be (essere) in English, to stay, stare in Italian.
Mario sta studiando.
Mario stava studiando quando l’ho chiamato.
Of course we can build progressive sentences with other tenses.
Once you learn the rule, it’s quite easy to remember it.
Finally, a very important and quite overlooked oddity of the Italian language. The past participles of essere and stare (been and stayed)are the same: “stato”.
Io sono stato can mean both “I have been” and “I have stayed” (or I was and I stayed).
All the reasons above can explain why essere and stare are so connected, similar and at first confusing. Apparently the big part of the confusion comes from the use of stare. Let’s look at a few examples.
Stare for expressing behavior
Sto sempre sveglio di notte. – I am always awake at night.
I bambini non stanno mai zitti. – Children are never silent.
State attenti alla lezione. – Stay focused during the the class.
Stare for expressing feelings
I miei genitori stanno bene. – My parents are fine.
Tua madre sta in ansia per te. – Your mother is worried for you.
Stare in a place for an amount of time
Sono a casa. (I’m home now)
Sto a casa. (I stay home, I won’t go out)
In Southern Italy, people would say “sto a casa” to indicate “I’m home now” instead of “sono a casa”. So you don’t have to worry, Italians are confused too.
Grazie per avere letto questo articolo. Se avete domande, fatemi sapere. Alla prossima.
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