🔍 In short. Italian simple prepositions (“preposizioni semplici”) are nine short invariable words that link a noun, pronoun, adverb, or infinitive to the rest of the sentence: di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra. Each one packs multiple functions (place, time, ownership, purpose, manner, cause, age, comparison), and several of them combine with the definite article to form the “preposizioni articolate” (del, al, dal, nel, sul, dei…). This hub walks through all nine, their main uses, and links to a dedicated deep-dive for each.
The hardest part of italian simple prepositions is not learning the list (nine words, easy). It is internalising which one to pick when English uses the same word for several Italian options. Vado a Lucca but vado in Toscana. Il libro di Pietro but il regalo per Pietro. The rules look small but they decide whether your Italian sounds native or translated.
Cosa impareremo oggi
👆🏻 Jump to section
- What italian simple prepositions are
- Proper vs improper prepositions
- DI: ownership, material, topic, comparison
- A: location, motion, time, age
- DA: origin, agent, motion-from, duration
- IN: place inside, motion-to, means
- CON: company, instrument, manner
- SU: on, about, approximation
- PER: destination, duration, reason, cause
- TRA and FRA: between, among, in (time-from-now)
- Preposizioni articolate: prep + article
- Example bank: 40 sentences, one per use
- Cheat sheet: italian simple prepositions
- Three common mistakes
- Dialog: planning a trip from Lucca to Modena
- Frequently asked questions
- Related guides
What italian simple prepositions are
Italian simple prepositions are nine invariable, monosyllabic (or near-monosyllabic) words placed before a noun, pronoun, adverb, or infinitive to specify its syntactic function. The Latin name praeponere means “to place before”, which is exactly what they do.
The nine: di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra. They never change form (no gender, no number). They can fuse with the definite articles (il, lo, la, l’, i, gli, le) to make the preposizioni articolate (del, dello, alla, nell’, sui, etc.), but that is a separate topic we cover at the end of this guide.
Each italian simple preposition has a primary semantic role and several secondary uses. The descriptions below pair Italian with the closest English equivalent, but mismatches are everywhere: vado a Roma means “I go to Rome”, vivo a Lucca means “I live in Lucca”. Same a, two English translations. Treat the English equivalents as starting points, not rules.
Proper vs improper prepositions
Italian grammars distinguish preposizioni proprie (the nine simple ones plus their articulated combinations) from preposizioni improprie (longer words that can also function as adverbs or adjectives, such as davanti, dietro, sopra, sotto, vicino, lontano, dopo, prima, durante). The proper ones form a closed set; the improper ones are an open set that keeps growing.
This guide covers only the nine proper italian simple prepositions. The improper ones (and the prepositional locutions like a causa di, in mezzo a, per mezzo di) deserve their own treatment. Memorise the nine first; the rest builds on top.
DI: ownership, material, topic, comparison
Di is the multitasker of italian simple prepositions. Its primary job is to mark possession (English “of” or the Saxon genitive ‘s). It also marks the material something is made of, the topic of a discussion, and the second element of a comparison.
- Ownership: La macchina di Pietro è parcheggiata davanti alla libreria.
Pietro’s car is parked in front of the bookshop. - Material: Caterina cuce un vestito di seta per il matrimonio.
Caterina is sewing a silk dress for the wedding. - Topic: A cena abbiamo parlato di Pennacchi e del nuovo romanzo.
At dinner we talked about Pennacchi and the new novel. - Time (day of week): Vado al mercato di Lucca il sabato di mattina.
I go to the Lucca market on Saturday mornings. - Comparison: Lucca è più piccola di Modena ma più grande di Lucignano.
Lucca is smaller than Modena but bigger than Lucignano.
For a complete walkthrough of di with all its uses and traps (partitive article, infinitive complement, “of which”), see our dedicated guide on the Italian Preposition Di.
A: location, motion, time, age
A is the second multitasker. It marks both location (“at”) and motion-to (“to”) for cities and some small places, and it shows up in time expressions and ages.
- Location (city or specific place): Pietro abita a Lucca, in un appartamento sopra la libreria.
Pietro lives in Lucca, in an apartment above the bookshop. - Motion (city): Domani Caterina va a Modena per consegnare un vestito.
Tomorrow Caterina goes to Modena to deliver a dress. - Time (clock): Ci vediamo a mezzogiorno davanti al duomo.
We will meet at noon in front of the cathedral. - Age: Mio nonno è andato in pensione a sessantacinque anni.
My grandfather retired at sixty-five. - Indirect object: Ho scritto a Pietro per chiedere il libro.
I wrote to Pietro to ask for the book.
🔍 A vs IN for places. Italian simple prepositions split places into two groups: a for cities and small landmarks (a Lucca, a casa, a scuola), in for regions, countries, continents (in Toscana, in Italia, in Europa). One exception that catches everyone: negli Stati Uniti uses in + article because the country name is plural.
DA: origin, agent, motion-from, duration
Da handles origin in three flavours: physical (from a place), temporal (since when), agentive (by whom in a passive sentence). It also marks motion to someone’s home or business, a uniquely Italian use that puzzles English speakers.
- Origin (place): Caterina viene da Pisa, ma vive a Lucca da quindici anni.
Caterina comes from Pisa, but she has lived in Lucca for fifteen years. - Duration (since): Studio italiano da tre anni, ora finalmente capisco quasi tutto.
I have been studying Italian for three years, now I finally understand almost everything. - Agent (passive): Il romanzo è stato premiato da una giuria internazionale a Torino.
The novel was awarded by an international jury in Turin. - Motion to someone: Stasera andiamo da Pietro per cena, porta tu il vino.
Tonight we are going to Pietro’s place for dinner, you bring the wine. - Purpose (object): Per il viaggio mi serve una valigia da cabina e un libro da leggere.
For the trip I need a cabin suitcase and a book to read.
IN: place inside, motion-to, means
In covers location and motion for regions, countries, large containers, plus the means of transport. It is one of the most frequent italian simple prepositions in any text.
- Location (region/country): Pietro è nato in Toscana ma ha studiato in Francia.
Pietro was born in Tuscany but studied in France. - Motion (region/country): A settembre Caterina va in Argentina per visitare la nipote.
In September Caterina goes to Argentina to visit her niece. - Means of transport: Domani vado a Modena in treno; tornerò in autobus la sera.
Tomorrow I am going to Modena by train; I will come back by bus in the evening. - Time period (year, month, season): Nel 2026 abbiamo festeggiato i dieci anni della libreria.
In 2026 we celebrated the bookshop’s tenth anniversary. - Container (inside): I libri di poesia sono nello scaffale in fondo a sinistra.
The poetry books are on the shelf at the back on the left.
CON: company, instrument, manner
Con is the simplest of the italian simple prepositions: it almost always corresponds to English “with”. Company, instrument, manner, accompanying feature.
- Company: Caterina è andata al cinema con Elena e Francesco venerdì sera.
Caterina went to the cinema with Elena and Francesco on Friday evening. - Combination (food): Vorrei un panino con il prosciutto crudo e una birra media.
I would like a sandwich with prosciutto crudo and a medium beer. - Manner: Pietro ha letto la pagina con attenzione per cogliere ogni dettaglio.
Pietro read the page carefully to catch every detail. - Feature: La donna con i capelli ricci che entra ogni sabato è la nipote di Caterina.
The curly-haired woman who comes in every Saturday is Caterina’s niece.
SU: on, about, approximation
Su means “on” for physical surfaces and “about” for topics. It also marks approximation in age, weight, or quantity.
- Surface (on): Il gatto di Elena dorme sempre su una sedia in giardino.
Elena’s cat always sleeps on a chair in the garden. - Motion onto: Saliamo sulla torre Guinigi prima del tramonto, la vista vale la fatica.
Let’s go up the Guinigi tower before sunset, the view is worth the effort. - Topic: Pietro sta scrivendo un saggio sulla letteratura toscana del Novecento.
Pietro is writing an essay about twentieth-century Tuscan literature. - Approximation: Una donna sui cinquant’anni ha chiesto se vendevamo libri usati.
A woman around fifty asked if we sold used books.
PER: destination, duration, reason, cause
Per is the second most polyvalent italian simple preposition after di. It covers destination, duration (“for X time”), reason, cause, recipient, and motion through.
- Destination: Questo è il treno regionale per Firenze, parte tra dieci minuti.
This is the regional train to Florence, it leaves in ten minutes. - Motion through: Per andare a Lucca dovete passare per Pisa o per Pistoia.
To get to Lucca you have to go through Pisa or Pistoia. - Duration: Ho aspettato Pietro per un’ora davanti alla libreria sotto la pioggia.
I waited for Pietro for an hour in front of the bookshop in the rain. - Reason: Ho telefonato per prenotare un tavolo al ristorante di Caterina.
I called to book a table at Caterina’s restaurant. - Cause: Sudiamo per il caldo: oggi a Lucca ci sono quasi quaranta gradi.
We’re sweating from the heat: today in Lucca it’s almost forty degrees. - Recipient: Questo regalo è per Caterina, è il suo compleanno sabato.
This gift is for Caterina, it’s her birthday on Saturday.
TRA and FRA: between, among, in (time-from-now)
The italian simple prepositions tra and fra are interchangeable in modern Italian. Both mean “between” (two elements), “among” (more than two), and “in X time” (counting forward from now). The choice between them is mostly euphonic: Italian avoids the awkward sequence tra tre or fra fra, so speakers swap whichever sounds smoother.
- Between (two): Verona è tra Milano e Venezia, a circa un’ora di treno da entrambe.
Verona is between Milan and Venice, about an hour by train from each. - Among (many): Tra gli autori toscani Pietro consiglia Tabucchi, Pennacchi e Cazzullo.
Among the Tuscan authors Pietro recommends Tabucchi, Pennacchi, and Cazzullo. - Time from now: Ci vediamo fra un’ora al bar in piazza Anfiteatro.
We will meet in an hour at the café in piazza Anfiteatro. - Relation: Tra Caterina e Pietro c’è una vecchia amicizia di trent’anni.
Between Caterina and Pietro there is a long friendship of thirty years.
Preposizioni articolate: prep + article
Six of the nine italian simple prepositions fuse with the definite article into a single word: di, a, da, in, su always fuse; con fuses only in col and coi (the rest, con lo, con la, con gli, con le, stay separate in modern Italian). Per, tra, fra never fuse with the article.
| Prep | il | lo | l’ | i | gli | la | le |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| di | del | dello | dell’ | dei | degli | della | delle |
| a | al | allo | all’ | ai | agli | alla | alle |
| da | dal | dallo | dall’ | dai | dagli | dalla | dalle |
| in | nel | nello | nell’ | nei | negli | nella | nelle |
| su | sul | sullo | sull’ | sui | sugli | sulla | sulle |
| con | col* | (con lo) | (con l’) | coi* | (con gli) | (con la) | (con le) |
Examples: Il libro è sul tavolo (su + il), Caterina viene dalla sartoria (da + la), Pietro lavora nella libreria (in + la), Vado al cinema con i bambini (a + il). The fused forms are mandatory: writing su il tavolo separately would look amateur in any context.
🎯 Mini-task #1. Pick the right italian simple prepositions for each sentence.
- Caterina viene ___ Pisa ma vive ___ Lucca. (di/a)
- Studio italiano ___ tre anni. (da/per)
- Vado ___ Modena ___ treno. (in/a, in/con)
- Il regalo è ___ Pietro, ___ il suo compleanno. (per/per)
- Ci vediamo ___ un’ora ___ Lucca. (fra/a)
- Il gatto dorme ___ una sedia ___ giardino. (su/in)
👉 Show answers
1. da, a (origin + city) · 2. da (duration since) · 3. a, in (city + transport) · 4. per, per (recipient + reason) · 5. fra, a (time-from-now + city) · 6. su, in (surface + container)
Example bank: 40 sentences, one per use
The fastest way to internalize the italian simple prepositions is to read many correct sentences aloud and copy the pattern of the italian simple prepositions in context. Below are forty, grouped by preposition: this is the densest practice you will get with the italian simple prepositions, each showing a different typical use. Say each one out loud with its English meaning underneath.
The first of the italian simple prepositions is DI, the busiest of all the italian simple prepositions — possession, specification, quantity, comparison, cause.
- Caterina è una donna di grande energia.
Caterina is a woman of great energy. - Lorenzo è alto più di un metro e ottanta.
Lorenzo is taller than one metre eighty. - Da quando soffre di emicrania, beve meno caffè.
Since he suffers from migraines, he drinks less coffee. - Si va in pensione all’età di sessantasette anni.
You retire at the age of sixty-seven. - Vorrei una tazza di tè e una fetta di torta.
I’d like a cup of tea and a slice of cake.
Among the italian simple prepositions, A is the second one — place, motion to a city, time, age, indirect object. It is one of the italian simple prepositions English learners overuse.
- Quest’estate andiamo a Lucca.
This summer we’re going to Lucca. - In Italia si prende la patente a diciotto anni.
In Italy you get your driving licence at eighteen. - La stazione è a due chilometri da qui.
The station is two kilometres from here. - Ci vediamo a mezzogiorno davanti al bar.
See you at noon in front of the café. - Ho dato il libro a Elena.
I gave the book to Elena.
DA, one of the trickiest italian simple prepositions — origin, duration, “at someone’s place”, purpose, manner.
- Vivo a Modena da molti anni.
I have lived in Modena for many years. - Non comportarti da bambino.
Don’t behave like a child. - L’ufficio è a pochi metri da casa mia.
The office is a few metres from my home. - Vado dal dentista alle tre.
I’m going to the dentist at three. - Mi serve una tazza da tè, non da caffè.
I need a tea cup, not a coffee cup.
IN, another of the italian simple prepositions — inside, country, field of skill, means of transport.
- Lorenzo lavora in Germania da due anni.
Lorenzo has worked in Germany for two years. - Elena è bravissima in matematica.
Elena is very good at maths. - Andiamo in centro a piedi.
Let’s walk to the centre. - C’è un ricevimento in onore del sindaco.
There’s a reception in honour of the mayor. - Saliamo in macchina, piove.
Let’s get in the car, it’s raining.
CON is one of the most regular italian simple prepositions — company, instrument, manner, and one of the few italian simple prepositions with almost no traps.
- Vengo con te alla stazione.
I’ll come with you to the station. - Ha tagliato il pane con il coltello nuovo.
She cut the bread with the new knife. - Lorenzo spiega tutto con calma.
Lorenzo explains everything calmly. - Caterina abita con la sorella a Lucca.
Caterina lives with her sister in Lucca. - Scrivo sempre con la penna blu.
I always write with the blue pen.
SU, among the italian simple prepositions — on a surface, about a topic, approximate age or measure. Like the other italian simple prepositions it is invariable.
- Il quadro è sulla parete del salotto.
The picture is on the living-room wall. - Abbiamo letto un articolo sull’economia.
We read an article about the economy. - È una signora sui cinquant’anni.
She is a lady of about fifty. - Il vestito è fatto su misura.
The dress is made to measure. - Conta su di me per il trasloco.
Count on me for the move.
PER, one of the busiest italian simple prepositions — destination, purpose, duration, price, cause.
- Partiamo per Modena domani mattina.
We leave for Modena tomorrow morning. - Studio l’italiano per lavoro.
I study Italian for work. - L’ho comprato per pochi euro al mercato.
I bought it for a few euros at the market. - Abbiamo camminato per due ore.
We walked for two hours. - Grazie per l’aiuto di ieri.
Thanks for yesterday’s help.
The last of the italian simple prepositions, TRA / FRA — between, among, “in” (time from now). The two are interchangeable; pick the one that sounds less repetitive.
- Tra Lucca e Pisa ci sono venti minuti di treno.
Between Lucca and Pisa it’s twenty minutes by train. - Ci vediamo tra un’ora.
See you in an hour. - Fra amici non si fanno complimenti.
Among friends you don’t stand on ceremony. - Il paese è fra le colline, vicino a Modena.
The village is among the hills, near Modena. - Fra tre giorni Caterina parte per Lucca.
In three days Caterina is leaving for Lucca.
Forty sentences, one mechanism: every one of the italian simple prepositions links two parts of the sentence. The italian simple prepositions never change form, so once a pattern is in your ear it transfers to every new sentence. Re-read the group whose italian simple prepositions you find hardest until the choice feels automatic, then test yourself with the quiz below.
Cheat sheet: italian simple prepositions
One table to recall every italian simple preposition with its main functions and the closest English equivalent. Keep it open while drafting.
| Prep | Main functions | English equivalents |
|---|---|---|
| di | ownership, material, topic, day of week, comparison | of, ‘s, than |
| a | city location, city motion, time (clock), age, indirect object | at, to |
| da | origin, duration (since), agent, motion to a person, object purpose | from, by, since |
| in | region/country location, region/country motion, transport, year/month, container | in, by |
| con | company, combination, manner, feature | with |
| su | surface, motion onto, topic, approximation | on, about, around |
| per | destination, motion through, duration, reason, cause, recipient | for, to, through |
| tra / fra | between, among, time-from-now, relation | between, among, in |
Three common mistakes
Three slips with italian simple prepositions flag an A2 sentence as written by a learner. Fixing them is fast.
Mistake 1. Mixing a and in for places. Wrong: Vado in Lucca. Correct: Vado a Lucca. Cities take a; regions, countries, continents take in. The rule is sharp: a Lucca / in Toscana / in Italia / in Europa.
Mistake 2. Using per for duration with the present. Wrong: Studio italiano per tre anni (meaning “since”). Correct: Studio italiano da tre anni. With ongoing situations, Italian uses da + present tense, not per. Per + past tense works for completed periods: Ho studiato italiano per tre anni (and now I am done).
Mistake 3. Forgetting to fuse prep + article. Wrong: Il libro è su il tavolo. Correct: Il libro è sul tavolo. The fusion is mandatory for di, a, da, in, su. Only con, per, tra, fra stay separate from the article (with the exception of col, coi for con).
🎯 Mini-task #2. Fix the preposition error in each sentence.
- Caterina vive in Lucca da quindici anni.
- Lavoro a una libreria di Pietro per tre mesi.
- Il caffè è su il tavolo in cucina.
- Tra i libri di Caterina ci sono molti romanzi di Pennacchi.
- Pietro torna in Bologna fra una settimana.
👉 Show answers
1. a Lucca (city, not region) · 2. in una libreria (container), da tre mesi (ongoing duration) · 3. sul tavolo (fuse su+il) · 4. nothing wrong: tra and fra are interchangeable · 5. a Bologna (city)
Dialog: planning a trip from Lucca to Modena
Caterina and Elena plan a quick trip from Lucca to Modena to attend a literary presentation. Count every italian simple preposition: motion, time, ownership, company, manner.
👩🏽🦱 Caterina: Elena, andiamo a Modena venerdì per la presentazione di Pennacchi?
Elena, shall we go to Modena on Friday for Pennacchi’s presentation?
👩🏼🦰 Elena: Volentieri! Andiamo in treno o in macchina?
Gladly! Shall we go by train or by car?
👩🏽🦱 Caterina: In treno è più comodo. Da Lucca a Modena ci sono cinque ore con un cambio a Firenze, ma posso lavorare durante il viaggio.
Train is more comfortable. From Lucca to Modena it is five hours with a change in Florence, but I can work during the trip.
👩🏼🦰 Elena: Perfetto. Partiamo alle sette di mattina e torniamo la sera. Il treno per Modena passa per Bologna, vero?
Perfect. We leave at seven in the morning and come back in the evening. The train to Modena goes through Bologna, right?
👩🏽🦱 Caterina: Esatto. Ci fermiamo a Bologna per dieci minuti, poi proseguiamo per Modena. La presentazione è alle diciotto al teatro comunale.
Exactly. We stop in Bologna for ten minutes, then continue to Modena. The presentation is at six pm at the municipal theatre.
👩🏼🦰 Elena: Dopo la presentazione possiamo andare da Matteo per cena? Vive a cinque minuti dal teatro.
After the presentation can we go to Matteo’s for dinner? He lives five minutes from the theatre.
👩🏽🦱 Caterina: Ottima idea. Lo chiamo subito per avvisarlo. Tu pensa al regalo per Pennacchi, una copia del primo libro di Caproni che ho in libreria.
Great idea. I will call him right away to let him know. You think about the gift for Pennacchi, a copy of the first Caproni book I have at the bookshop.
Count the italian simple prepositions Caterina and Elena use: a, per, di, in, da, a, con, durante, alle, di, per, per, a, per, a, da, per, al, a, dal, per, del, di. All nine simple prepositions appear in eight lines: a real-life density that B2 writers can imitate.
🎯 Mini-challenge. Describe a recent trip in six sentences, using every italian simple preposition at least once: di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra/fra. Read your sentences out loud to feel how the prepositions stitch the narrative.
Test your understanding
The quiz below mixes italian simple prepositions across all nine, with traps on a vs in, da vs per for duration, and articulated forms.
LOADING QUIZ…
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Frequently asked questions
Six questions about italian simple prepositions come up in every A2 cohort. The answers below draw on real classroom usage and on the Crusca note Tra o fra?.
How many italian simple prepositions are there?
Exactly nine: di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra. The grammars list eight if they count tra and fra as one (they are interchangeable in modern Italian). All nine are invariable (no gender, no number), monosyllabic or near-monosyllabic, and they all introduce a complement. They are called preposizioni proprie (proper prepositions) to distinguish them from the open list of preposizioni improprie (davanti, dietro, dopo, sopra, sotto, vicino, lungo, prima, durante, etc.) which can also work as adverbs or adjectives.
What is the difference between tra and fra?
None in meaning, both mean between, among, or in (time from now). The choice is euphonic: Italian avoids sequences like tra tre giorni (repetition of tr-) and fra fratelli (repetition of fr-), so speakers swap whichever sounds smoother. The Accademia della Crusca confirms they are perfectly interchangeable in modern usage. In writing, fra is slightly more common in northern Italy and tra in central and southern Italy, but no rule enforces either choice.
When do I use a vs in for places?
Italian splits places into two buckets. Use a for cities and small named places (a Lucca, a Modena, a casa, a scuola, a teatro). Use in for regions, countries, continents, and large geographic units (in Toscana, in Italia, in Europa, in montagna, in città). Two exceptions catch everyone: countries with plural names take in + article (negli Stati Uniti, nei Paesi Bassi), and some fixed expressions break the rule (in piazza for piazza in general, but a piazza Anfiteatro for a specific named square in Lucca).
How does di differ from per for ownership and recipient?
Di marks ownership or origin (di Pietro = belonging to Pietro). Per marks the recipient (per Pietro = destined for Pietro). Compare: il libro di Pietro (Pietro owns the book) vs il regalo per Pietro (the gift is going to Pietro). Same noun, different relation. Per never works for ownership; di never works for a recipient. The two are not interchangeable, despite both often being translated as for in English (a book for Pietro can mean either, depending on context).
What are preposizioni articolate?
They are the fused forms of italian simple prepositions plus the definite article. Di + il = del; a + la = alla; in + gli = negli; su + le = sulle. Six of the nine simple prepositions fuse: di, a, da, in, su always; con only in col and coi (the other forms stay separate). Per, tra, and fra never fuse. The fused forms are mandatory in modern Italian: writing su il tavolo separately would look amateur in any context. The full table is in the cheat sheet above.
Why is per never combined into one word like del or nel?
Historical accident, mostly. The older Italian forms pel (per + il) and pei (per + i) existed and still appear in poetry or ironic usage (the Crusca describes them as ricercate, deliberately archaic). In modern standard Italian, per stays separate from the article: per il treno, per la casa, per gli studenti. The same applies to tra and fra (never fused), and largely to con (except for col and coi, which survive in everyday speech). The pattern is: only short-stress prepositions (di, a, da, in, su) fuse fully.
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Related guides
Eight guides dive into each italian simple preposition individually, plus an institutional reference on the tra/fra interchange.
- Italian Preposition DI: The Complete Guide
- Italian Preposition A: The Complete Guide
- Italian Preposition DA: The Complete Guide
- Italian Preposition IN: The Complete Guide
- Italian Preposition CON: The Complete Guide
- Italian Preposition SU: The Complete Guide
- Italian Motion Prepositions: A, Da, Verso, In, Fino A
- Accademia della Crusca: Tra o fra?: institutional note on the interchangeability of tra and fra.
