Periodo ipotetico – Italian Conditional Sentences

The Italian periodo ipotetico, is used to express a hypothetical situation and its consequences


This is a very basic introduction to the Italian Periodo ipotetico.Please have a look at the congiuntivo and condizionale if you are not familiar with those grammar points.

The concept of periodo ipotetico is similar to the English conditional sentences. The main clause, called apodosi, (you don’t need to remember that) describes the consequences of the possible action in the dependent clause, called protasi (another word you can happily forget about).

  • Se piove (premise), —> non andiamo in spiaggia (consequence).

That’s the simplest type of periodo ipotetico.

If the weather will be bad, we won’t go to the beach. We use the indicativo, because we are sure about the situation / outcome scenario.

There are three different types of Italian Conditional Sentences


Realtà

If the outcome, given the circumstances, is  REAL we talk about periodo ipotetico della realtà.

  • Se mangi solo verdura, dimagrisci.
  • Se avrai sonno mentre guidi, fermati.
  • Se hai bevuto troppo, ti accompagnerò a casa.

All the sentences begin with Se, (if).

We can swap main and subordinate clauses and obtain the same result: Fermati se avrai sonno mentre guidi. 

In this first type of conditional sentences, we can use the indicativo mood, presente, passato and futuro, sometimes in combination with the imperativo (2nd example). The action is going to happen for sure or it is likely to happen given the right circumstances.

The “formula” for this first periodo ipotetico is

Se indicativo presente / futuro (dependent) + indicativo or imperativo (main).


Possibilità

If the premise is not realistic at the moment, the outcome will be more vaguely possible. We talk about periodo ipotetico della possibilità.

  • Se avessi dei soldi, comprerei una bella casa.
  • Se vendessi la mia macchina userei l’autobus.
  • Se potessi, ti presterei dei soldi.

If I had the money, I’d buy a nice house. It means that I don’t have money, however…

The “formula” for this second periodo ipotetico is

→ se + congiuntivo imperfetto (dependent) + condizionale presente (main)

Please note that the 2 tenses are not interchangeable, I cant’s use the condizionale in the dependent clause or the congiuntivo in the main clause

  • Se potrei ti presterei dei soldi
  • Se potessi ti prestassi dei soldi

They are both wrong.


Impossibilità (or Irrealtà)

If the action, given the circumstances is impossible or not realistic, we talk about periodo ipotetico dell’irrealtà. The premise is in the past and did not happen, the outcome is pure speculation.

  1. Se non avessi mangiato quattro pizze, adesso non avrei il mal di pancia.
  2. Se fossi andato all’università, adesso forse avrei un bel lavoro.
  3. Se mi fossi svegliato in tempo, non sarei arrivato in ritardo.

All the events causing the condition in the main clause are in the past. The whole period is a representation of an alternative past, so it’s not real.  We can’t change the past. But, what if…

The “formula” for this periodo ipotetico is

→ se + congiuntivo trapassato (dependent)condizionale presente (main) – Examples 1 & 2

  • The hypothetical action in the past could have had consequences on the present.

→ se + congiuntivo trapassato (dependent) + condizionale passato (main) – Example 3

  • The hypothetical action in the past could have had consequences on the past.

In spoken Italian, there is a tendency to simplify the periodo ipotetico della impossibilità using the imperfetto. 

  • Se mi fossi svegliato in tempo, non sarei arrivato in ritardo. → Se mi svegliavo in tempo non arrivavo in ritardo.

This is quite common in informal spoken Italian and it is acceptable. Of course, many teachers are against this simplification but, as a matter of fact, Italians use it a lot and it’s already encoded in textbooks. I’m totally fine with that.

Again, this is a simplification. Book a free trial class if you want learn more.

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Italian Direct and Indirect Pronouns – Pronomi combinati – QUIZ

We are going to study how combining Italian direct and indirect pronouns  will simplify the Italian language and complicate your life as a student


lolalilene
mime lome lame lime leme ne
tite lote late lite lete ne
gliglieloglielaglieliglielegliene
leglieleglielaglieloglielegliene
cice loce lace lice lece ne
vive love lave live leve ne
gli (a loro)glieloglielaglieliglielegliene
sise lose lase lise lese ne

Let’s imagine a dialogue between two young friends. Mario wants to know if Luigi’s father can lend them his car.

  • Mario: “Hai chiesto a tuo padre se ci presta la sua macchina?” Did you ask your father if he will lend (to) us his car?
  • Luigi: “Glielo ho chiesto ma non ce la dà” I asked (it to) him, but won’t give it to us.

Luigi’s answer has all the elements for describing how Italian direct and indirect pronouns can be combined together and avoid redundant elements in a discussion. Let’s analyse what Luigi says.

I asked (it to) him GLIELO —> GLI + LO = GLI means A LUI, to his father; LO stands for asking your father the question


CE LA ➜ CE means A NOI , to us and LA takes place of “la macchina”, it, the car.

Looking at the grid, we can observe some changes:

MI TI SI CI and VI

when combined with direct pronouns become

ME TE SE CE and VE

  • Mi dai le forbici? ➜ ME LE dai? Can you give me the scissors? Can you give them to me?
  • Ti presento una mia amica ➜  TE LA presento  – Let me introduce her to you
  • Giulia si lava la faccia ➜  SE LA lava – Giulia washes it (the face) herself (reflexive SI)
  • La mamma ci ha detto di tornare a casa ➜ CE LO ha detto – She said it to us
  • Vi do dei biscotti ➜  VE LI do – I give them to you

An important note about GLI: it merges with direct pronouns forming complex compound pronouns.

  • Oggi compro a Maria delle scarpe nuove ➜ GLIELE compro – I buy them (feminine) to her

Please remember that Italian direct and indirect pronouns, with indicativo, congiuntivo and condizionale tenses come always BEFORE the verb and are separate:

  • Te lo dico io. Se non te lo dicessi io, te lo direbbe qualcun altro.

We already can see how Italian direct and indirect pronouns match with infinito, imperativo and gerundio. They always come after the verb and merge with it. The same happens when pronouns are combined together.

  • Non posso tenervelo segreto, devo dirvelo – I cant keep it secret to you. I have to say it to you 
  • Mario, devi dare 10 euro a Carlo. Daglieli
  • Non sapevo cosa fare. Parlandotene, mi sono tolto un peso

Now we can see some real examples and practice. I am going to put together some sentences with different tenses and moods. They are only in Italian. Make an effort and try to understand them.

  • Ci presteresti la tua macchina? Ce la presteresti?
  • Mia sorella mi ha regalato una cravatta. Me l’ha regalata.
  • Ci scambieremo i regali a Natale. Ce li scambieremo.
  • Da bambino, mia madre non mi dava mai la coca cola. Non me la dava mai.
  • Mio fratello si è comprato una macchina nuova. Se l’è comprata.
  • Mi fai assaggiare un po’ di risotto? Me ne fai assaggiare un po’?
  • Luca mi aveva detto di non ascoltarti. Me l’aveva detto.
  • Vi dico di non arrivare in ritardo. Ve lo dico.
  • Puoi mandare due pacchi a noi? Ce li puoi mandare?

Please note: when a verb begins with a vowel or a H, LO and LA turn into L’.

  • Giulia si è tolta il maglione. = Se l‘è tolto.
  • Mia sorella mi ha cucinato il pesce. = Me l’ha cucinato.

Please remember that Italians use pronouns very often and learning them correctly will help you to speak fluently. Please take some time for completing the quiz.


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Italian Direct and Indirect Pronouns

Pronomi combinati

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CI and NE – two particular Italian words

CI and NE are two common Italian particles. Versatile, very important and sometimes confusing


Italians love to use pronouns, sometimes combined together, sometimes merged with verbs. It’s convenient for us, as the Italian language is greatly simplified by the use of pronouns.

For students, however, it can be rather confusing. “Ci and “Ne” are usually studied together as examples of flexible, useful “pronominal particles”, particelle pronominali and particelle avverbiali. We’ll call them pronouns and adverbs to make it simple.

This is a very basic post introducing CI and NE and their use in spoken Italian.

(continues …)

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CI and NE – two particular Italian words

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Interiezioni and intercalari, the “parsley” of the Italian language

Cosa impareremo oggi

Ai paragrafi 👇


Interiezioni: Raw Emotional Expression


Intercalari: The Rhythm of Conversation


È come il prezzemolo! That’s what Italians say about someone or something you encounter everywhere. “Like parsley!” Just as parsley appears on countless Italian dishes, intercalari and interiezioni are sprinkled throughout Italian conversation to add flavor and emphasis to what people want to express. And truly, like parsley, these linguistic elements are everywhere in spoken Italian. But also like parsley, when overused, they can overwhelm the natural beauty of the language.

Introduction: The Building Blocks of Authentic Italian

Interiezioni are spontaneous vocal eruptions triggered by immediate emotions – shock, delight, frustration, or discovery. Intercalari function as conversational scaffolding, helping speakers organize ideas, maintain listener connection, and create breathing space in dialogue.

The fundamental distinction lies in emotional intensity: interiezioni carry powerful feelings (“Madonna! Che sorpresa!” – “My goodness! What a surprise!”), while intercalari primarily serve structural purposes (“Allora, vediamo…” – “So, let’s see…”).

Interiezioni: Raw Emotional Expression

Interiezioni represent language at its most instinctive level – the sounds that escape before conscious thought intervenes. Italian interiezioni fall into clear categories, each serving distinct communicative roles in expressing the full spectrum of human emotion.

Pure Emotional Sounds

These words exist exclusively for emotional expression and don’t derive from other word categories. Their meaning shifts dramatically based on vocal tone, facial expression, and situational context. Consider them the primal sounds of human communication.

Boh! – Ignorance, indifference, or complete bewilderment

  • “Boh, non ho la minima idea di cosa stia succedendo.” (genuine confusion)
    I honestly have no clue what’s happening.
  • “Boh, per me va bene qualsiasi cosa.” (total indifference)
    Whatever works for me.
  • “Boh, è una situazione troppo complicata.” (intellectual surrender)
    It’s way too complicated a situation.

Oh! – Wonder, recognition, calling attention, or deep admiration

  • “Oh! Che coincidenza incredibile trovarti qui!” (delighted surprise)
    What an incredible coincidence finding you here!
  • “Oh! Guarda che tramonto spettacolare!” (breathtaking awe)
    Look at that spectacular sunset!
  • “Oh! Luca, puoi venire un attimo?” (gentle attention-getting)
    Luca, can you come here for a moment?

Ahi! – Physical discomfort or emotional shock, completely involuntary

  • “Ahi! Mi sono schiacciato il dito con il martello!” (sharp physical pain)
    I crushed my finger with the hammer!
  • “Ahi! Ho sbattuto il gomito contro la porta!” (sudden impact)
    I banged my elbow against the door!
  • “Ahi! Questa iniezione brucia parecchio!” (medical discomfort)
    This injection really burns!
  • “Ahi! Ho perso tutte le foto del viaggio!” (emotional devastation)
    I lost all my vacation photos!

Can also appear as “Ahia!”

Ah! – Comprehension, surprise, relief, or sudden realization

  • “Ah! Ecco dove avevo lasciato gli occhiali!” (moment of discovery)
    There’s where I left my glasses!
  • “Ah, che notizia terribile!” (emotional shock)
    What terrible news!
  • “Ah, meno male che sei arrivato!” (profound relief)
    Thank goodness you arrived!

Ehi! – Energetic attention-grabbing or informal greeting

  • “Ehi! Fermati un secondo!” (stopping someone in motion)
    Hey! Stop for a second!
  • “Ehi! Stai attento a dove cammini!” (safety warning)
    Hey! Watch where you’re walking!
  • “Ehi! Come vanno le cose?” (casual hello)
    Hey! How are things going?

Sometimes influenced by English as “Hey!”

Uffa! – Frustration, tedium, or annoyance with repetitive situations

  • “Uffa! Devo ricominciare tutto da zero!” (work setback)
    Ugh! I have to start everything over from scratch!
  • “Uffa! Piove proprio nel mio giorno libero!” (unfortunate timing)
    Ugh! It’s raining on my day off!
  • “Uffa! Questa conferenza non finisce mai!” (crushing boredom)
    Ugh! This conference never ends!

Eh! – Disapproval, resignation, confusion, or seeking confirmation

  • “Eh! Non è per niente giusto quello che hai fatto!” (moral reproach)
    Hey! What you did isn’t fair at all!
  • “Eh, ormai è andata così…” (accepting unfortunate reality)
    Well, that’s how it went…
  • “Eh? Non ho sentito bene, ripeti?” (auditory confusion)
    Huh? I didn’t hear clearly, repeat that?

Accidenti! – Mild irritation or frustration at minor setbacks

  • “Accidenti! Ho dimenticato l’ombrello e diluvia!” (weather inconvenience)
    Darn! I forgot my umbrella and it’s pouring!
  • “Accidenti! Il treno ha quaranta minuti di ritardo!” (transportation woes)
    Darn! The train is forty minutes late!
  • “Accidenti! Si è rotta la macchina del caffè!” (daily life disruption)
    Darn! The coffee machine broke!

A completely innocent expression, with the formal alternative “mannaggia!”

Borrowed Words as Exclamations

These are standard words – nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs – that transform into “interiezioni” when delivered with exclamatory force. They preserve their original meaning while acquiring heightened emotional power.

Coraggio! – Encouragement during difficult or intimidating situations

  • “Coraggio! L’intervento andrà benissimo!” (medical support)
    Come on! The surgery will go perfectly!
  • “Coraggio! È solo un colloquio di lavoro!” (confidence building)
    Come on! It’s just a job interview!
  • “Coraggio! Hai superato momenti peggiori!” (historical perspective)
    Come on! You’ve gotten through worse times!

Peccato! – Regret or disappointment over lost opportunities or unfortunate events

  • “Peccato! Era un’occasione di lavoro fantastica!” (career disappointment)
    Such a shame! It was a fantastic job opportunity!
  • “Peccato! Il concerto è stato rinviato!” (entertainment letdown)
    What a pity! The concert was postponed!
  • “Peccato! Non posso venire al matrimonio!” (social regret)
    Too bad! I can’t come to the wedding!

Basta! – Command to cease or expression of reaching tolerance limits

  • “Basta! Non voglio più sentire lamentele!” (authority assertion)
    Enough! I don’t want to hear any more complaints!
  • “Basta con questi ritardi continui!” (pattern frustration)
    Enough with these constant delays!
  • “Basta, adesso ho capito il problema.” (intellectual satisfaction)
    Enough, now I understand the problem.

Bravo (Brava)! – Appreciation and recognition for excellent performance

  • “Brava! Hai risolto l’enigma da sola!” (intellectual achievement)
    Well done! You solved the puzzle by yourself!
  • “Bravo! Questo progetto è eccezionale!” (professional recognition)
    Excellent! This project is exceptional!
  • “Brava! Continua così e farai strada!” (future-oriented encouragement)
    Good job! Keep it up and you’ll go far!
  • “Bravo! Ha combinato un bel casino!” (heavy irony)
    Great! He made quite a mess!

Zitto/a and plural forms! – Forceful demand for silence

  • “Zitta! Sta parlando il professore!” (academic respect)
    Quiet! The professor is speaking!
  • “Zitto! Non svegliare il gatto!” (household consideration)
    Quiet! Don’t wake up the cat!
  • “Zitto! Non dire sciocchezze!” (intellectual dismissal)
    Shut up! Don’t talk nonsense!

Common with “stare”: “State zitti/zitte”

Complex Expressions

These are multiword phrases or complete sentences functioning as single “interiezioni”. Many originated from religious expresssions and crystallized in everyday usage, becoming fixed formulas for intense emotional expression.

Santo cielo! – Amazement, wonder, or surprise at unexpected developments

  • “Santo cielo! Che notizia meravigliosa!” (overwhelming joy)
    Good heavens! What wonderful news!
  • “Santo cielo! Come hai fatto a riuscirci?” (impressed admiration)
    Good heavens! How did you manage to do it?
  • “Santo cielo! È già così tardi?” (time shock)
    Good heavens! Is it already so late?
  • “Santo cielo! Sei sempre al verde!” (financial exasperation)
    Good heavens! You’re always broke!

Mamma mia! – Intense surprise, alarm, or overwhelming admiration

  • “Mamma mia! Che spavento mi hai fatto!” (heart-stopping fright)
    Oh my! You scared me to death!
  • “Mamma mia! Quanto è cambiata la città!” (transformation awe)
    Oh my! How much the city has changed!
  • “Mamma mia! Che coda interminabile!” (frustrating situation)
    Oh my! What an endless line!

Per carità! – Categorical rejection or horror at suggestions

  • “Andare alla festa di Marco? Per carità!” (social avoidance)
    Go to Marco’s party? For heaven’s sake!
  • “Mangiare quel pesce crudo? Per carità!” (culinary disgust)
    Eat that raw fish? For heaven’s sake!
  • “Sentire ancora le sue storie? Per carità!” (personality rejection)
    Listen to his stories again? For heaven’s sake!

Dio mio! – Profound shock, disbelief, or desperate invocation

  • “Dio mio! Cosa è successo al giardino?” (scene devastation)
    My God! What happened to the garden?
  • “Dio mio! Non ci posso credere!” (reality denial)
    My God! I can’t believe it!
  • “Dio mio! Aiutaci in questo momento!” (spiritual plea)
    My God! Help us in this moment!

Also “Madonna!” appears frequently. Unlike English, “Cristo!” is never used – it’s extremely strong and only heard in dubbed American films, but no Italian actually speaks this way. Be careful please, even non religious people find this exclamation extremely rude.


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Intercalari: The Rhythm of Conversation

Intercalari are linguistic elements that add no specific semantic content but serve fundamental communicative functions: organising thoughts, structuring discourse, engaging listeners, and creating natural conversational flow. They characterize spoken Italian and vary according to speaker age, region, and social background.

Discourse Organisers

These intercalari help structure speech content, signaling new topic introduction, discourse resumption, conclusions, or conversational direction changes. They function as linguistic traffic signals guiding listeners through the speaker’s thought process.

Allora – Italy’s most versatile spoken word, functioning as both interiezione and intercalare. It introduces topics, resumes interrupted discourse, expresses impatience, threats, or surprise. Meaning transforms completely based on tone, intensity, and contextual placement. I’m sure you have heard this word over and over and wondered what it actually means, given how wide there range of emotions it can cover.

  • “Allora, come è andato l’esame di ieri?” (neutral topic opener)
    So, how did yesterday’s exam go?
  • “Allora, riassumiamo i punti principali.” (organizational structure)
    So, let’s summarize the main points.
  • “Allora?! Quando ti decidi a rispondere?” (mounting impatience)
    So?! When are you going to decide to answer?
  • “Allora, se continui così, smetto di aiutarti!” (ultimatum delivery)
    Well, if you keep this up, I’ll stop helping you!
  • “Allora! Che sorpresa fantastica vederti!” (joyful exclamation)
    Well! What a fantastic surprise to see you!
  • “Allora, scegli una volta per tutte!” (exasperated demand)
    Come on, choose once and for all!
  • “Allora… davvero non so cosa dire.” (thoughtful hesitation)
    Well… I really don’t know what to say.
  • “Allora, tutto chiaro?” (comprehension verification)
    So, is everything clear?
  • “Ciao, allora?” (how are things?)
    Hi, how’s it going?
  • “Allora!!!” (complete exasperation)
    Come on!!!

Ecco – Functions like a linguistic spotlight, illuminating and presenting important information. Expresses satisfaction, explanation, presentation, or approval. “Ecco” is a weird word, fundamentally an adverb expressing something or someone that the speaker points out, but it borders the functions of a verb expressing existence. Like “here it is”. It also compares and merges with pronouns “eccolo”, here he it (masculine) is, for example.

  • “Ecco, questo è il nocciolo della questione.” (crucial point emphasis)
    There, that’s the heart of the matter.
  • “Non posso venire alla cena, ecco il motivo.” (end-of-sentence explanation)
    I can’t come to dinner, that’s the reason.
  • “Ecco, perfetto! Hai capito tutto!” (enthusiastic approval)
    There, perfect! You understood everything!
  • “Il lavoro è terminato, ecco fatto!” (completion satisfaction)
    The work is finished, there we go!
  • “Vi presento, ecco, mia sorella Anna.” (mid-sentence presentation)
    Let me introduce, well, my sister Anna.
  • “Quello che volevo dire era questo, ecco.” (final clarification)
    What I wanted to say was this, there.

Softening Devices

These serve to make statements less “sharp” or incisive, expressing approximation or uncertainty, avoiding overly direct or categorical judgments.

Un po’ – The most frequent among softening intercalari. Reduces the intensity of any statement, making communication less aggressive and more socially acceptable.

  • “È un po’ strana la cosa che mi stai raccontando.” (judgment softening)
    What you’re telling me is a bit strange.
  • “Mi sono un po’ stancata di questa routine.” (feeling moderation)
    I’ve gotten a bit tired of this routine.
  • “Potresti un po’ darmi una mano?” (request softening)
    Could you give me a bit of a hand?
  • “Sono un po’ preoccupato per il risultato.” (confession softening)
    I’m a bit worried about the result.
  • “È un po’ tardi per telefonargli.” (evaluation softening)
    It’s a bit late to call him.

Tipo – Very popular among young people, expressing approximation, similarity, or uncertainty. Sounds like the English “like”, but more casual and less frequent.

  • “Era tipo molto nervoso con tutti.” (emotional intensity approximation)
    He was like really nervous with everyone.
  • “Ci sentiamo tipo alle nove?” (approximate timing)
    We’ll talk like around nine?
  • “È tipo impossibile finire in tempo.” (approximate evaluation)
    It’s like impossible to finish on time.
  • “Abbiamo tipo finito i soldi.” (vague quantification)
    We’ve like run out of money.
  • “Era tipo una situazione imbarazzante.” (approximate atmosphere description)
    It was like an embarrassing situation.

Listener Engagement Tools

These intercalari represent the interactive heart of Italian communication. They serve to maintain constant contact with listeners, verify that communication is functioning, request confirmations or consensus.

Sai/Sapete – Intercalari that draw attention and presuppose shared knowledge or experience.

  • “Non è la prima volta che succede, sai.” (shared experience)
    It’s not the first time this happens, you know.
  • “La situazione, sapete, è più complicata di quanto appaia.” (complicity)
    The situation, you know, is more complicated than it appears.
  • “Quando uno è nervoso, sai com’è…” (understanding assumption)
    When someone is nervous, you know how it is…
  • “Meglio lasciar perdere, sai cosa ti dico?” (connivance)
    Better to let it go, you know what I’m saying?
  • “Andiamo al cinema, sapete che vi dico?” (involvement)
    Let’s go to the movies, you know what I’m telling you?

Capisci/Capite – Explicitly verify listener comprehension.

  • “È complicato da spiegare, capisci?” (confirmation seeking)
    It’s complicated to explain, do you understand?
  • “Non si può fare diversamente, capite?” (justification)
    It can’t be done differently, do you understand?
  • “È una questione delicata, capisci cosa intendo?” (allusion)
    It’s a delicate matter, do you understand what I mean?
  • “Non posso dirti tutto, capisci la situazione?” (understanding request)
    I can’t tell you everything, do you understand the situation?
  • “È più forte di me, capite?” (excuse seeking)
    It’s stronger than me, do you understand?

Regional Peculiarities

Italy presents an incredibly rich variety of regional expressions deriving from local dialects that have entered common usage. Each region has developed its own linguistic characteristics reflecting the territory’s history, culture, and traditions.

Northern Italy – More emotionally contained expressions, influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, Ligurian, and Venetian dialects

  • Neh (Lombardy/Piedmont): “È stata dura, neh?” (confirmation request)
    It was tough, right?
  • Belin (Liguria): “Belin, che bella vista!” (surprise, admiration)
    Wow, what a beautiful view!
  • Ciò (Veneto): “Ciò, che fai stasera?” (friendly attention-getting)
    Hey, what are you doing tonight?

These small words are omnipresent and often serve only to emphasize what’s being said.

Central-Southern Italy – More expressive and theatrical expressions, reflecting a more extroverted culture

  • Aoh (Lazio/Rome): “Aoh, basta così!” (protest, attention)
    Hey, that’s enough!
  • Ammazza (Lazio/Rome): “Ammazza che traffico!” (strong surprise)
    Wow what traffic!
  • Vabbuò (Southern Italy): “Vabbuò, facciamo così.” (agreement)
    Alright, let’s do it this way.

Mastering Intonation

Pronunciation and intonation are fundamental for interiezioni and intercalari. The same word can express completely different emotions according to tone, rhythm, and intensity. Watch Italian films, TV series, and listen to podcasts to hear how these expressions are pronounced in real contexts.

Rising tone – Used for positive surprises, questions, repetition requests

  • “Ah!” (surprise): “Ah! Sei arrivato!” – voice rises to express surprise
    “Ah! You arrived!” – voice rises to express surprise
  • “Eh?” (incomprehension): “Eh? Non ho sentito.” – interrogative tone
    “Huh? I didn’t hear.” – interrogative tone
  • “Oh!” (wonder): “Oh! Che bello!” – starts high then descends
    “Oh! How beautiful!” – starts high then descends

Falling tone – Used for understanding, relief, admiration, conclusions

  • “Ah!” (understanding): “Ah! Ecco!” – voice descends satisfied
    “Ah! There!” – voice descends satisfied
  • “Eh!” (resignation): “Eh, cosa vuoi fare…” – tone that lowers
    “Well, what can you do…” – tone that lowers
  • “Allora” (conclusion): “Allora, è deciso.” – definitive tone
    “So, it’s decided.” – definitive tone

Flat tone – Used for indifference, boredom, skepticism

  • “Boh” (indifference): “Boh, non mi interessa.” – without emphasis
    “Whatever, I don’t care.” – without emphasis
  • “Mah” (doubt): “Mah, vedremo…” – neutral and suspended tone
    “Well, we’ll see…” – neutral and suspended tone
  • “Eh” (skepticism): “Eh, se lo dici tu…” – flat and doubtful tone
    “Well, if you say so…” – flat and doubtful tone
ExpressionRising ToneFalling ToneFlat Tone
AhSurprise, questionUnderstanding, reliefIndifference
OhPositive surpriseAdmiration, joyDisappointment
EhDidn’t hearReluctant confirmationDoubt, skepticism
AlloraExpectation, stimulusDefinitive conclusionSimple connection

Tone obviously doesn’t have a grammatical role, but makes language more natural and spontaneous. These words should be avoided in formal written texts, but are precious in daily conversation, theatrical dialogue, and oral simulations. Use them sparingly!

Remember: Like parsley in Italian cuisine, interiezioni and intercalari should enhance the flavor of your speech without overwhelming it. Master these elements and you’ll sound like you’ve been speaking Italian your entire life!

Italian articoli partitivi, “some” in Italian – QUIZ

Articoli partitivi are used to indicate a part, a number out of a total. Some…

This is a very short and simple article for beginners. I’m going to introduce a simple way for you to indicate a quantity, pretty much equivalent the English “some”.

The Italian articoli partitivi are obtained by adding the preposition di (of) to the articoli determinativi:


di + …

il —> del

lo —> dello

la —> della

i —> dei

gli —> degli

le —> delle

l’ —> dell’


Il vino: vorrei del vino

Lo zucchero: ho comprato dello zucchero

La carne: mangerei della carne

I fiori: le ho regalato dei fiori

Gli amici: ho invitato degli amici

Le uova: Vai a comprare delle uova

L’aglio: Aggiungi dell’aglio al sugo


Singular Articoli Partitivi are used in combination with uncountable nouns, in Italian nomi di massa), words such as: foods – acqua, vino, formaggio, verdura, carne – etc ; materials: legno, carta etc.

In spoken Italian, instead of using the articoli partitivi, often times we can use “un po’ di”, literally “a little of” (quantity).

So for example, instead of saying, “ho mangiato dei cioccolatini” I can simply say “ho mangiato un po’ di cioccolatini”.

Here’s a simple quiz for you. Please answer anche check your score against the average.

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Avverbi, Italian adverbs – Complete guide, Audio examples, Quiz

Italian adverbs are called avverbi

The avverbio, derived from the Latin “ad verbum”, next to the verb, is an invariable part of speech that is positioned alongside the verb to provide specific meaning. Similar to how adjectives modify nouns, the traditional function of adverbs is to add information to the verb and specify the meaning. This analogy becomes evident here:

  • La macchina di Mario è veloce. (aggettivo)
  • Mario guida velocemente. (avverbio)

We use Italian adverbs to add meaning to verbs, adjectives or other parts of a sentence.


According to their structure, we can talk about:

  • Avverbi semplici: we can call the “primitive”, as they don’t derive from other words. Mai, forse, bene, male. etc.
  • Avverbi composti: resulting from combination of words. Da+per+tutto = dappertutto (every + where = everywhere).
  • Avverbi derivati: coming form other words, usually adjectives, with the addition of the suffix – mente (in English -ly). Chiaro (clear) -> chiaramente (clearly).

The avverbi derivati are commonly formed by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.

For example: lento —> lenta + mente (slowly), rapidamente (quickly), certamente (certainly) etcetera.

If the adjective ends in -le or -re, the -e is dropped before attaching -mente, as observed in the adverbs:

Facile —> facil + mente —> facilmente (easily), gentilmente (kindly), particolarmente (particularly).

Similarly, other adverbs conforming to these patterns include dolcemente (sweetly), tranquillamente (calmly), chiaramente (clearly), pazientemente (patiently), sicuramente (surely), notevolmente (remarkably) etcetera.

We can classify the Italian avverbi in 6 main groups, according to their function:

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The Italian Gerundio – Basic Review and Quiz

Gerundio is an Italian “indefinite” mood

This is a very basic post about the Italian Gerund. If your level is intermediate to advanced, you may want to have a look at this post in Italian.

Also, today we are NOT going through the progressive use of the gerundio (to be doing something or stare + gerundio) which is a particular structure of the Italian gerund.

Ok, we can start.

The gerundio has two tenses: semplice (simple) and composto (compound).

Gerundio Semplice (Presente)

—-ARE—-ERE—-IRE
ANDANDOBEVENDODORMENDO

The Gerundio semplice is a simple tense, without conjugations, it does not change and can be applied to all the personal pronouns expressed by the main clause. There is a relevant difference between the English gerund and the Italian gerundio, so be careful.

Gerundio, together with Infinito and Participio, is a mood, a form of a verb that we use for building a so called “frase subordinata implicita”:

Subordinata: the gerundio is always in a dependent clause, near to a main clause. It can’t live by itself, it does not make complete sense when used alone;  

Implicita: the Italian gerundio has no conjugations, no subject. It just refers to the situation and subject described in the main clause.

The most common use of the gerundio is defined as temporale, describing simultaneous or consecutive events.

  • Mangio guardando la televisione.
  • Mangerete guardando la televisione.
  • Mangiavamo guardando la televisione.

The gerundio acts together with the main clause. It can be set in the present, in the future or in the past and it takes the subject of the main clause. The Gerundio Semplice is often called Gerundio Presente, but this label can be misleading, since the gerundio just refers to the main clause. It’s not a present tense.

The gerundio semplice helps to extend the meaning of a stronger independent sentence (main clause) following four distinct functions (five including the above mentioned gerundio temporale):

1. Gerundio modale: it desctibes HOW something is achieved in the main clause. For example:

  • Luigi studia l’inglese guardando i film in tivù.
  • Stefano legge un libro mettendo gli occhiali.
  • Carla ha percorso dieci chilometri camminando.

2. Gerundio causale describes WHY, the cause of an action happening in the main clause. For example:

  • Avendo pochi soldi non ho comprato casa.
  • Essendo allergico ai funghi Sergio non ha mangiato il risotto.
  • Non amando il teatro, ho regalato i miei biglietti a Giovanna.

3. Gerundio ipotetico: it represents something that could happen and satisfy the result expressed by the main clause. For example:

  • Rinunciando alle vacanze potrei risparmiare dei soldi.
  • Arriveresti in ritardo perdendo questo treno.
  • Mangiando meno pane perderai peso.

4. Gerundio concessivo: it says despite what circumstances we have obtain the opposite result expressed in the main clause. For example:

  • Pur mangiando poco, Clara non dimagrisce.
  • Pur lavorando molto non riesco a risparmiare.
  • Pur essendo brutta, Giada piace a tanti uomini

Please note that pur or pure in this case means “despite, although, even though…”.


Gerundio Composto (Passato)

—-ARE—-ERE—-IRE
ESSENDO ANDATOAVENDO BEVUTOAVENDO DORMITO

The Gerundio composto is a compound tense, with the gerundio of essere or avere = essendo or avendo and the participio passato (…ato, …uto, …ito) of a verb.

The gerundio composto describes pre-existing conditions when the main clause takes place. For example:

  • Avendo finito di mangiare, ho già cominciato a lavare i piatti.
  • Essendo tornato prima dal lavoro, andrò al supermercato.

This is the main use of the gerundio composto, defined asd Temporale. In both cases, the gerundio exists before the event described in the main clause.

As it happens with the gerundio semplice, we can define other four functions of gerundio composto. It’s worth having a second look.

1. Gerundio Modale

  • Luigi ha imparato l’inglese  avendo guardato dei film in tivù.
  • Stefano ha finito di leggere il libro  avendo indossato sempre gli occhiali.
  • Carla è arrivata fin qui avendo camminato.

In the modale type, the same concept can often be achieved using the gerundio semplice.


2. Gerundio Causale

  • Avendo avuto pochi soldi non ho comprato casa.
  • Essendo stato malato non ho potuto studiare.
  • Non avendo capito le tue istruzioni, non ho lavorato bene.

In this case, the cause is clearly set before the consequence.


3. Gerundio Ipotetico

  • Avendo letto i giornali avrei conosciuto le notizie di ieri.
  • Avendo incontrato Luigi avrei potuto parlargli.
  • Avendo ascoltato quella canzone ti avrei detto se mi piace o no.

This is a good substitute of the congiuntivo. Very handy.


4. Gerundio Concessivo

  • Pur avendo mangiato poco, Clara non è dimagrita.
  • Pur avendo lavorato molto non riesco a risparmiare.
  • Pur essendo stato povero, Mario ora è molto ricco.

Although, despite… = pur + gerundio


Lastly, but very important, the gerundio can merge with pronouns (direct, indirect, reflexive, ci & ne) in a single word:

  • Mangiando molto pane, sono ingrassato —> mangiandone molto…
  • Conoscendo Mario, non arriverà in orario —> conoscendolo

More examples in the quiz!

So, why is the gerundio so important? Look at the sentences:

  • Arrivando in orario, avresti visto l’inizio del film.
  • Se fossi arrivata in orario, avresti visto l’inizio del film.

The first sentence with the Gerundio expresses the same concept of the second but it’s much easier. We avoid conjugations, the use of the same subject, the use of the congiuntivo. In the first one, the subject is implicit (implicito), in the second it is explicit (esplicito) and we need to change the verb and genders where needed.

The Gerund is a very useful tool that Italians use to simplify sentences. You should learn it and use it to achieve the same goal.

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The Italian Gerundio

Basic Quiz

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Giovanni Bellini – Giovane donna nuda allo specchio – 1515 ca

Words and Letters: Italian sounds – Audio

Basic Italian sounds

There are some few basic rules for pronouncing correctly Italian sounds. Italian is less complicated than other common European languages. That’s because Italian is a literary language, heavily influenced by classic Latin and syllables have just one sound.

The Italian alphabet has just 21 letters, since j, k, w, x, and y are used only in foreign words recently adopted in the Italian vocabulary, like jeans, wifi, baby sitter, marketing, etc. Italian vowels are A E I O U. Listen to their sound:

 

 

The letter H is quite unique, since generally it’s not pronounced in the spoken language, but it is fundamental for creating some sounds. For example, “I have” in Italian is “io ho”, where “ho” is not pronounced like “holiday”, but like “Oregon”. GElato and spaGHEtti are simple and effective examples of how the letter H changes the sounds of syllables. Listen how a native speaker says these words correctly.

 

Another example where H creates sounds is CHI, like CHItarra, guitar, where we also have a double R. Double consonants give a stronger tone to the sound. Please listen and repeat.

 

Let’s find out some tricky words and Italian sounds you wouldn’t guess just reading them.

We are sure you would like to have some fantastic food in Italy. If you want to order some fish, you should call it pesce. SCE in italian is pronounced like shame. Two or more fish are pesci and SCI is pronounced like she in English. Listen and repeat.

 

The last tip of today about tricky Italian sounds is the hybrid sound GLI, where G and L are smoothly blended together. For example, the Italian word for family is famiglia. Listen carefully and catch the sound GLI.

 

Let’s wrap up today’s learnings. Please try to read and pronounce correctly the following syllables and then listen to the correct sound to adjust. Finally, solve the simple quiz below.

 

CA-CE-CI-CO-CU-CHE-CHI

GA-GE-GI-GO-GU-GHE-GHI

SCE-SCI  —  GLI

 


Thanks for listening.

Italian articles – Basic Rules & Quiz

Articles in Italian are foundational to grammar and communication. They agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the nouns they accompany. Divided into two primary categories—definite articles (determinativi) and indefinite articles (indeterminativi)—articles are used to provide specificity or generality to the nouns they modify. Additionally, articles in Italian interact with prepositions, foreign words, and various grammatical structures in unique ways. This comprehensive guide covers all you need to know about Italian articles.


Definite Articles (Articoli Determinativi)

Definite articles correspond to “the” in English and are used to refer to specific nouns. The form of the article changes based on the gender, number, and initial sound of the word that follows. These forms include:

Forms of Definite Articles

  • Masculine singular:
    • il (e.g., il libro, “the book”)
    • lo (e.g., lo studente, “the student”)
    • l’ before vowels (e.g., l’amico, “the friend”)
  • Masculine plural:
    • i (e.g., i libri, “the books”)
    • gli (e.g., gli studenti, “the students”)
    • gli before vowels (e.g., gli amici, “the friends”)
  • Feminine singular:
    • la (e.g., la casa, “the house”)
    • l’ before vowels (e.g., l’isola, “the island”)
  • Feminine plural:
    • le (e.g., le case, “the houses”)
    • le before vowels (e.g., le idee, “the ideas”)

When to Use “Lo” and “Gli”

The forms lo (singular) and gli (plural) are used for masculine nouns starting with certain sounds:

  • s + consonant (e.g., lo studente, “the student”; gli studenti, “the students”)
  • z (e.g., lo zaino, “the backpack”; gli zaini, “the backpacks”)
  • ps, pn, gn, x (e.g., lo pneumatico, “the tire”; gli pneumatici, “the tires”)
  • i + vowel (e.g., gli uomini, “the men”)

Set expressions, such as per lo più (mostly) or gli dei (the gods), preserve older forms of the article.

Indefinite Articles (Articoli Indeterminativi)

Indefinite articles in Italian correspond to “a” or “an” in English and are used to refer to nonspecific or general nouns. These articles are used only in the singular and vary depending on the gender and initial sound of the noun they accompany. Below is a detailed explanation with practical examples:

Forms of Indefinite Articles

  • Masculine:
    • un: used with masculine nouns beginning with a vowel or consonant.

      Examples: un albero (a tree), un libro (a book), un amico (a friend).
    • uno: used with masculine nouns beginning with:
      • s + consonant (e.g., uno studente, “a student”)
      • z (e.g., uno zaino, “a backpack”)
      • ps, pn, gn, x (e.g., uno pneumatico, “a tire”; uno psicologo, “a psychologist”)
      • i + vowel (e.g., uno iugoslavo, “a Yugoslav”).
  • Feminine:
    • una: used with feminine nouns beginning with a consonant.

      Examples: una casa (a house), una studentessa (a female student).
    • un’: used with feminine nouns beginning with a vowel, where the apostrophe replaces the a for phonetic reasons.

      Examples: un’amica (a friend), un’idea (an idea).

Note that the rules for masculine indefinite articles uno and un exactly mirror those for the corresponding definite articles lo and gli. This consistency makes mastering the correct use of articles easier.

Combining Prepositions with Articles

In Italian, some prepositions combine with definite articles to form contractions known as preposizioni articolate. These combinations simplify grammar and make sentences more fluid. Below are examples of how each preposition combines with articles. Note that not all prepositions can be combined with articles; for instance, per, tra, fra, and con do not merge with articles.

Listen to the correct pronunciation.

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Italian articles – Basic Rules

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Trapassato Prossimo, the “past of the past” – Quiz

trapassato prossimo

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Il Trapassato Prossimo Italiano descrive “il passato di altre azioni passate”

The Italian Trapassato Prossimo describes “the past of other past actions”

Il trapassato prossimo è un tempo del passato, come il passato prossimo e l’imperfetto, che abbiamo già studiato. Se abbiamo due o più azioni nel passato, il Trapassato Prossimo descrive la più vecchia. Di solito abbiamo bisogno del Trapassato Prossimo quando c’è un cambiamento, una discontinuità nel passato. Vedremo tutti i dettagli con alcuni esempi e un quiz.

The trapassato prossimo is a past tense, like the passato prossimo and imperfetto, which we have already studied. If we have two or more actions in the past, the Trapassato Prossimo describes the older one. We usually need the Trapassato Prossimo when there’s a change, a discontinuity in the past. We’ll see all the details with some examples and a quiz.

Questo è un post molto basilare per principianti. Se il vostro livello è intermedio o avanzato, per favore leggete quest’altra lezione in italiano.

This is a very basic post for beginners. If your level is intermediate to advanced, please read this other lesson in Italian.

Formazione del Trapassato Prossimo

Il trapassato prossimo è un tempo composto che si forma con l’imperfetto dei verbi ausiliari avere o essere e il participio passato del verbo. È la combinazione dell’Imperfetto di essere o avere e il participio passato, il Participio Passato italiano. Guardate la tabella.

The trapassato prossimo is a compound tense formed with the imperfetto of the auxiliary verbs avere or essere and the past participle of the verb. It is the combination of the Imperfetto of essere or avere and the past participle, the Italian Participio Passato. See the table.


STUDIARE (avere)PARTIRE (essere)
ioavevo studiatoero partito/a
tuavevi studiatoeri partito/a
lui/leiaveva studiatoera partito/a
noiavevamo studiatoeravamo partiti/e
voiavevate studiatoeravate partiti/e
loroavevano studiatoerano partiti/e

Formazione dei Verbi Ausiliari

Il trapassato prossimo del verbo avere si forma con l’ausiliare avere e quello del verbo essere con essere. Ecco alcuni esempi pratici:

The trapassato prossimo of the verb avere is formed with the auxiliary avere and that of the verb essere with essere. Here are some practical examples:

Esempi con AVERE:

  • Marco non è venuto perché aveva avuto un incidente.
    Marco didn’t come because he had had an accident.
  • Elena era triste perché aveva avuto una discussione con il fidanzato.
    Elena was sad because she had had an argument with her boyfriend.
  • Non potevo uscire perché avevo avuto troppo lavoro.
    I couldn’t go out because I had had too much work.
  • Giulia era nervosa perché aveva avuto problemi con l’autobus.
    Giulia was nervous because she had had problems with the bus.

Esempi con ESSERE:

  • Quando l’ho incontrato, Francesco era stato in palestra.
    When I met him, Francesco had been to the gym.
  • Marta era stanca perché era stata sveglia tutta la notte.
    Marta was tired because she had been awake all night.
  • Il bambino piangeva perché era stato cattivo a scuola.
    The child was crying because he had been naughty at school.
  • Quando siamo arrivati, i nostri amici erano già stati al mare.
    When we arrived, our friends had already been to the beach.

Usi del Trapassato Prossimo

Nella maggior parte dei casi, il Trapassato Prossimo viene usato in combinazione con un altro tempo passato con o senza un riferimento temporale specifico (ad esempio ieri, la settimana scorsa, un’ora fa) con o senza avverbi (mentre ecc…). Per esempio:

In most cases, the Trapassato Prossimo is used in combination with another past tense with or without a given time frame (e.g. ieri, la settimana scorsa, un’ora fa) with or without adverbs (mentre etc…). For example:


  • Passato Prossimo: Avevo mangiato ma ho avuto ancora fame
  • Imperfetto: Avevo mangiato ma avevo ancora fame
  • Passato Remoto: Avevo mangiato ma ebbi ancora fame

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Sequenza Temporale

Il trapassato prossimo si usa per sottolineare la successione temporale fra due fatti che si sono svolti nel passato, quando può essere importante definire quale evento si è verificato prima e quale dopo. Per questo di solito si trova insieme con un altro verbo al passato e spesso con espressioni di tempo come dopo che, appena, già, ecc.

The trapassato prossimo is used to emphasize the temporal succession between two facts that took place in the past, when it may be important to define which event occurred first and which after. For this reason it is usually found together with another past tense verb and often with time expressions like dopo che, appena, già, etc.

Esempi:

  • Quando hai chiamato, avevo già fatto la spesa.
    When you called, I had already done the shopping.
  • Siamo usciti dopo che avevamo visto il telegiornale.
    We went out after we had watched the news.
  • Laura era contenta perché aveva trovato un nuovo lavoro.
    Laura was happy because she had found a new job.
  • Abbiamo cenato dopo che i bambini erano andati a letto.
    We had dinner after the children had gone to bed.
  • Quando sono tornato dal viaggio, mia madre aveva pulito tutta la casa.
    When I returned from the trip, my mother had cleaned the whole house.
  • Non abbiamo potuto guardare il film perché avevamo perso l’inizio.
    We couldn’t watch the movie because we had missed the beginning.
  • Era furioso perché qualcuno aveva rubato la sua bicicletta.
    He was furious because someone had stolen his bicycle.
  • Appena aveva finito di leggere il libro, lo ha prestato a un amico.
    As soon as he had finished reading the book, he lent it to a friend.
  • Quando siamo arrivati al ristorante, avevano già chiuso la cucina.
    When we arrived at the restaurant, they had already closed the kitchen.
  • Ho capito che Sara aveva mentito sulla sua età.
    I realized that Sara had lied about her age.

Prima avevo mangiato, poi ho avuto ancora fame. Il Trapassato Prossimo funziona bene con altri tempi passati, inclusi il Passato Prossimo, l’Imperfetto, il Passato Remoto o persino un altro Trapassato Prossimo se le azioni sono chiaramente nella giusta sequenza. Se i riferimenti temporali sono assenti, il Trapassato ci aiuta a dare un’idea di quello che è successo (o non è successo) in primo luogo.

First I (had) eaten, then I was still hungry. The Trapassato Prossimo works fine with other past tenses, including the Passato Prossimo, Imperfetto, Passato Remoto or even another Trapassato Prossimo if the actions are clearly in the right sequence. If time references are absent, the Trapassato helps to give us an idea of what happened (or did not happen) in the first place.

Eventi Sottintesi

A volte l’evento più vicino al presente è sottinteso e non viene espresso nella frase. In questi casi il trapassato prossimo è usato da solo o con un altro verbo al presente. In altre parole, l’altro evento passato o circostanza è sottinteso nella frase.

Sometimes the event closest to the present is implied and is not expressed in the sentence. In these cases the trapassato prossimo is used alone or with another verb in the present. In other words, the other past event or circumstance is implied in the sentence.

Esempi:

  • Scusa, [ora ti sento, ma prima] non ti avevo sentito arrivare!
    Sorry, [now I hear you, but before] I hadn’t heard you arrive!
  • [ora me ne accorgo, ma prima] Non mi ero accorto che portavi gli occhiali nuovi!
    [now I notice, but before] I hadn’t noticed you were wearing new glasses!
  • Le chiavi non ci sono, eppure le avevo messe sul tavolo.
    The keys aren’t there, yet I had put them on the table.
  • Il negozio aveva finito le mele [per questo non le ho comprate].
    The shop had run out of apples [that’s why I didn’t buy them].
  • Non avevo mai incontrato una persona così simpatica (ma poi l’ho incontrata).
    I had never met such a nice person (but then I met one).
  • Pensavo di aver chiuso la porta a chiave, ma l’avevo solo accostata.
    I thought I had locked the door, but I had only closed it.
  • Credevo che ti avessi già mandato il messaggio.
    I thought I had already sent you the message.
  • Mi sembrava di aver visto quella persona da qualche parte.
    I felt like I had seen that person somewhere.
  • Non sapevo che Marco aveva cambiato numero di telefono.
    I didn’t know that Marco had changed his phone number.
  • Avevo dimenticato di spegnere il riscaldamento, per questo faceva così caldo.
    I had forgotten to turn off the heating, that’s why it was so hot.

Passato Lontano o “Staccato”

Il trapassato prossimo si usa anche per indicare un passato più lontano o comunque sentito come “staccato” dalla situazione presente perché è successo qualcosa che ha interrotto la continuità del rapporto fra passato e presente. Questo uso è più diffuso nell’Italia Settentrionale, in alternativa al passato remoto.

The trapassato prossimo is also used to indicate a more distant past or one that is felt as “detached” from the present situation because something happened that interrupted the continuity of the relationship between past and present. This use is more widespread in Northern Italy, as an alternative to the passato remoto.

Confronto:

PASSATO PROSSIMOTRAPASSATO PROSSIMO
Rossi, il mio dentista, ha studiato a Bologna.Rossi, il mio dentista, aveva studiato a Bologna.
(I suoi studi sono recenti)(Rossi studiò molto tempo fa.)

Esempi:

  • Michelangelo aveva dipinto (= dipinse) la Cappella Sistina.
    Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.
  • Mia nonna aveva lavorato (= lavorò) come sarta.
    My grandmother worked as a seamstress.
  • Valentino Rossi aveva corso (= corse) in MotoGP.
    Valentino Rossi raced in MotoGP.
  • Il mio vecchio capo aveva diretto (= diresse) l’azienda per vent’anni.
    My old boss ran the company for twenty years.
  • Da bambino, mio padre aveva vissuto (= visse) in campagna.
    As a child, my father lived in the countryside.
  • L’attore aveva recitato (= recitò) in molti film famosi.
    The actor starred in many famous films.
  • Quella band aveva suonato (= suonò) rock negli anni ’80.
    That band played rock in the 80s.
  • Il vecchio panettiere aveva preparato (= preparava) dolci deliziosi.
    The old baker made delicious cakes.
  • Roberto Benigni aveva vinto (= vinse) l’Oscar nel 1999.
    Roberto Benigni won the Oscar in 1999.
  • Quella libreria aveva venduto (= vendette) libri rari.
    That bookshop sold rare books.

Relazione Stretta con il Presente

Per indicare che esiste ancora una stretta relazione col presente, invece del trapassato prossimo si può usare il passato prossimo anche per indicare un evento successo prima di un altro al passato.

To indicate that there is still a close relationship with the present, instead of the trapassato prossimo you can use the passato prossimo even to indicate an event that happened before another in the past.

Esempi:

  • Stamattina ho trovato la lettera che hai scritto ieri sera.
    This morning I found the letter you wrote last night.
  • Non ho ancora aperto il regalo che mi hai portato dalla Spagna.
    I haven’t opened the gift you brought me from Spain yet.
  • Andrea non ha ancora abitato nella casa che ha ereditato da sua zia.
    Andrea hasn’t lived in the house he inherited from his aunt yet.
  • Carla non è venuta alla festa perché la settimana scorsa si è ammalata.
    Carla didn’t come to the party because she got sick last week.
  • Oggi ho finalmente indossato il vestito che ho comprato per il matrimonio.
    Today I finally wore the dress I bought for the wedding.
  • Stasera prepareremo la torta che abbiamo imparato a fare al corso di cucina.
    Tonight we’ll make the cake we learned to make at the cooking class.
  • Ho sempre con me l’orologio che mi ha regalato mio nonno.
    I always carry the watch my grandfather gave me.
  • La prossima settimana userò i biglietti che ho prenotato online.
    Next week I’ll use the tickets I booked online.
  • Sto ancora leggendo il romanzo che mi hai consigliato l’anno scorso.
    I’m still reading the novel you recommended last year.
  • Non dimenticherò mai i consigli che mi ha dato mia madre da giovane.
    I’ll never forget the advice my mother gave me when I was young.

Esempi Pratici di Confronto

Guardate le seguenti frasi per capire meglio la differenza:

Look at the following sentences to better understand the difference:

  • Non sono mai andato in Giappone. (Non ci sono mai stato in vita mia)
  • Non ero mai andato in Giappone. (Era la prima volta, ma poi ci sono andato)

Il significato di queste due frasi è totalmente diverso. Nella prima frase non sono mai andato in Giappone. Nella seconda sto dicendo che era la prima volta per me in Giappone, non “ero mai andato” lì prima. Quindi alla fine ci sono andato.

The meaning of these two sentences is totally different. In the first sentence I’ve never been to Japan. In the second I am saying that it was the first time for me in Japan, I “had never been” there before. So I was there eventually.

Altri esempi di confronto:

  • Non ho mai assaggiato il caviale. / Non avevo mai assaggiato il caviale.
    I’ve never tasted caviar. / I had never tasted caviar (but then I did).
  • Non abbiamo mai fatto parapendio. / Non avevamo mai fatto parapendio.
    We’ve never been paragliding. / We had never been paragliding (but then we did).
  • Sofia non ha mai guidato una moto. / Sofia non aveva mai guidato una moto.
    Sofia has never ridden a motorcycle. / Sofia had never ridden a motorcycle (but then she did).
  • I ragazzi non sono mai stati in discoteca. / I ragazzi non erano mai stati in discoteca.
    The kids have never been to a nightclub. / The kids had never been to a nightclub (but then they were).
  • Non ho mai provato così tanta paura. / Non avevo mai provato così tanta paura.
    I’ve never felt so much fear. / I had never felt so much fear (but then I did).
  • Non abbiamo mai sentito una musica così bella. / Non avevamo mai sentito una musica così bella.
    We’ve never heard such beautiful music. / We had never heard such beautiful music (but then we did).
  • Tommaso non ha mai cucinato per tante persone. / Tommaso non aveva mai cucinato per tante persone.
    Tommaso has never cooked for so many people. / Tommaso had never cooked for so many people (but then he did).
  • Non sono mai stato così emozionato. / Non ero mai stato così emozionato.
    I’ve never been so excited. / I had never been so excited (but then I was).
  • Non abbiamo mai organizzato un evento così grande. / Non avevamo mai organizzato un evento così grande.
    We’ve never organized such a big event. / We had never organized such a big event (but then we did).
  • Non ho mai incontrato una famiglia così ospitale. / Non avevo mai incontrato una famiglia così ospitale.
    I’ve never met such a welcoming family. / I had never met such a welcoming family (but then I did).

Altri Esempi Specifici

Date un’occhiata a questi esempi. Abbiamo chiaramente bisogno del Trapassato Prossimo per enfatizzare il cambiamento:

Have a look at those examples. We clearly need the Trapassato Prossimo to emphasise the change:

  • Quando sei arrivato, avevo appena terminato di cucinare.
    When you arrived, I had just finished cooking.
  • Erano già usciti i tuoi colleghi, quando hai finito di lavorare?
    Had your colleagues already left when you finished working?
  • Non ho dovuto comprare niente perché tutti avevano portato qualcosa.
    I didn’t have to buy anything because everyone had brought something.
  • Il prozio di Anna aveva combattuto nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale.
    Anna’s great-uncle had fought in World War II.
  • Scusi, Dottore, non l’avevo riconosciuto senza la barba. Come sta?
    Excuse me, Doctor, I hadn’t recognized you without your beard. How are you?
  • C’erano molti turisti che non avevano prenotato l’hotel.
    There were many tourists who hadn’t booked a hotel.
  • Ho domandato alla guida di spiegare di nuovo perché non avevo sentito bene.
    I asked the guide to explain again because I hadn’t heard well.
  • Ti avevo suggerito di non comprare quella macchina usata.
    I had suggested you not buy that used car.
  • Era rimasto in ufficio fino a tardi per finire il progetto.
    He had stayed in the office until late to finish the project.
  • Claudio era preoccupato perché non aveva mai fatto un viaggio così lungo.
    Claudio was worried because he had never taken such a long trip.

Quindi, per esempio, Claudio era preoccupato perché non “aveva mai fatto” un viaggio così lungo prima. Significa che alla fine l’ha fatto.

So, for example, Claudio was worried because he “had never taken” such a long trip before. It means that eventually he did.

Uso Opzionale per Profondità Narrativa

A volte tuttavia, il Trapassato Prossimo è solo un modo per dare più profondità a un evento passato. In teoria, potremmo ometterlo e usare il Passato Prossimo o Remoto invece. Per esempio:

Sometimes however, the Trapassato Prossimo is just a way to give more depth to a past event. In theory, we could omit it and use the Passato Prossimo or Remoto instead. For example:

  • Ci eravamo rilassati molto durante le vacanze estive.
    We had relaxed a lot during the summer holidays.
  • Mi ricordo di Davide. L’avevo incontrato al corso di inglese.
    I remember Davide. I had met him at the English course.
  • Avevamo chiamato un taxi per andare all’aeroporto perché non c’erano autobus.
    We had called a taxi to go to the airport because there were no buses.
  • Ti ricordi dove avevi lasciato le chiavi della macchina?
    Do you remember where you had left the car keys?
  • Ha perso la patente perché aveva bevuto troppo alla festa.
    He lost his license because he had drunk too much at the party.
  • Quella domenica avevamo pranzato in un agriturismo in collina.
    That Sunday we had had lunch at a farmhouse in the hills.
  • Mi aveva spiegato tutto il meccanismo durante la lezione.
    He had explained the whole mechanism to me during the lesson.
  • Avevano preparato una sorpresa incredibile per l’anniversario.
    They had prepared an incredible surprise for the anniversary.
  • Il documentario che avevamo guardato sabato sera era molto interessante.
    The documentary we had watched on Saturday evening was very interesting.
  • Avevo organizzato tutto nei minimi dettagli per la festa di compleanno.
    I had organized everything down to the smallest detail for the birthday party.

Per esempio, nella frase sulla patente l’uso del trapassato prossimo è corretto perché prima ha bevuto troppo e poi ha perso la patente. Tuttavia, la sequenza degli eventi è così chiara che un semplice Passato Prossimo sarebbe abbastanza chiaro:

For example, in the sentence about the license the use of the trapassato prossimo is correct because he first drank too much and then lost his license. However, the sequence of the events is so clear that a simple Passato Prossimo would be clear enough:

  • Ha perso la patente perché ha bevuto troppo alla festa.

Con il Passato Remoto, terzo esempio, possiamo usare il Trapassato Remoto (ebbi mangiato), ma è molto raro nell’italiano parlato.

With the Passato Remoto, third example, we can use the Trapassato Remoto (ebbi mangiato), but it’s very rare in spoken Italian.

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