{"id":201,"date":"2026-06-11T02:57:25","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T02:57:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/?p=201"},"modified":"2026-06-11T16:16:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T16:16:57","slug":"auxiliaire-essere-avere-passe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/auxiliaire-essere-avere-passe\/","title":{"rendered":"Essere ou avere ? L&#8217;auxiliaire au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>En bref.<\/strong> Choisir le bon <strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9 est l&#8217;une des premi\u00e8res grandes questions que se posent les francophones. La r\u00e8gle de base : <em>avere<\/em> (avoir) accompagne les verbes transitifs, <em>essere<\/em> (\u00eatre) accompagne les verbes de mouvement, de changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat et les verbes r\u00e9fl\u00e9chis. Mais attention : certains verbes changent d&#8217;auxiliaire selon leur sens, et l&#8217;accord du participe pass\u00e9 avec <em>essere<\/em> est obligatoire en italien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bonne nouvelle pour vous : vous connaissez d\u00e9j\u00e0 ce syst\u00e8me en partie. En fran\u00e7ais, vous dites \u00ab&nbsp;il est parti&nbsp;\u00bb, \u00ab&nbsp;elle est arriv\u00e9e&nbsp;\u00bb, \u00ab&nbsp;ils sont n\u00e9s&nbsp;\u00bb avec \u00ab&nbsp;\u00eatre&nbsp;\u00bb. En italien, ces m\u00eames verbes prennent <em>essere<\/em>. La logique est partag\u00e9e, et l&#8217;angle contrastif va vous aider \u00e0 m\u00e9moriser les cas qui divergent.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc toc-container\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<div class=\"toc-container\" style=\"background-color:#f4f5f6;border-top:2px solid #ab2227;border-bottom:2px solid #ab2227;border-radius:11px;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:30px;padding:24px 28px\">\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:20px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Aller \u00e0 la section<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\" style=\"border-color:#ab2227\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><a href=\"#avere-transitifs\">Avere : les verbes transitifs<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#essere-mouvement\">Essere : mouvement et changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#essere-reflexifs\">Essere : verbes r\u00e9fl\u00e9chis et pronominaux<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#accord-participe\">L&#8217;accord du participe pass\u00e9 avec essere<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#double-auxiliaire\">Les verbes \u00e0 double auxiliaire<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#verbes-modaux\">Auxiliaire avec dovere, potere, volere<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Tableau r\u00e9capitulatif<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#dialogue\">Dialogue A2 : \u00e0 la sartoria<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#mini-defi\">Mini-d\u00e9fi \ud83c\udfaf<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\" style=\"border-color:#ab2227\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><a href=\"#quiz\">Teste ta compr\u00e9hension<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"avere-transitifs\">1. L&#8217;auxiliaire italien avere : les verbes transitifs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La r\u00e8gle de d\u00e9part est simple : <strong>avere<\/strong> (= avoir) s&#8217;emploie comme <strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> avec tous les verbes <strong>transitifs<\/strong>, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire les verbes qui peuvent avoir un compl\u00e9ment d&#8217;objet direct. Si vous pouvez r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question \u00ab&nbsp;quoi&nbsp;?&nbsp;\u00bb ou \u00ab&nbsp;qui&nbsp;?&nbsp;\u00bb apr\u00e8s le verbe, le verbe est transitif et prend <em>avere<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Ho mangiato una crostata di fichi.<\/em><br><em>J&#8217;ai mang\u00e9 une tarte aux figues.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Giulia ha cucito tre abiti questa settimana.<\/em><br><em>Giulia a cousu trois robes cette semaine.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Niccol\u00f2 ha ordinato nuove montature dall&#8217;ottico.<\/em><br><em>Niccol\u00f2 a command\u00e9 de nouvelles montures chez l&#8217;opticien.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Abbiamo letto tutta la collezione.<\/em><br><em>Nous avons lu toute la collection.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Hanno aperto una nuova libreria di quartiere a Padova.<\/em><br><em>Ils ont ouvert une nouvelle librairie de quartier \u00e0 Padoue.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notez que le participe pass\u00e9 (<em>mangiato, cucito, ordinato, letto, aperto<\/em>) reste <strong>invariable<\/strong> avec <em>avere<\/em> : il ne s&#8217;accorde pas avec le sujet. \u00ab&nbsp;Giulia ha cucito&nbsp;\u00bb et non \u00ab&nbsp;Giulia ha cucita&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certains verbes intransitifs d&#8217;<strong>activit\u00e9 corporelle ou mentale<\/strong> prennent \u00e9galement <em>avere<\/em> : <em>dormire<\/em> (dormir), <em>camminare<\/em> (marcher), <em>viaggiare<\/em> (voyager), <em>lavorare<\/em> (travailler), <em>parlare<\/em> (parler), <em>pensare<\/em> (penser). Ce sont des verbes o\u00f9 l&#8217;accent est mis sur l&#8217;activit\u00e9 du sujet, et non sur un r\u00e9sultat ou un changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Ho camminato per due ore lungo il canale.<\/em><br><em>J&#8217;ai march\u00e9 pendant deux heures le long du canal.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Valeria ha nuotato in piscina ogni mattina.<\/em><br><em>Valeria a nag\u00e9 dans la piscine chaque matin.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Il telefono ha suonato ma nessuno ha risposto.<\/em><br><em>Le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone a sonn\u00e9 mais personne n&#8217;a r\u00e9pondu.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"essere-mouvement\">2. L&#8217;auxiliaire italien essere : mouvement et changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Essere<\/em> s&#8217;impose comme <strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> d\u00e8s que le verbe exprime un <strong>d\u00e9placement<\/strong>, une <strong>arriv\u00e9e<\/strong>, une <strong>transformation<\/strong> ou un <strong>changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/strong>. C&#8217;est l\u00e0 que l&#8217;italien diverge clairement du fran\u00e7ais : en fran\u00e7ais, ces verbes prennent souvent \u00ab&nbsp;avoir&nbsp;\u00bb (j&#8217;ai grandi, j&#8217;ai maigri, j&#8217;ai vieilli). En italien, ils prennent tous <em>essere<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Verbes de mouvement et de d\u00e9placement (sempre essere) :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>andare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 andato\/a<\/em> (aller)<\/li>\n  <li><em>venire<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 venuto\/a<\/em> (venir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>partire<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 partito\/a<\/em> (partir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>arrivare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 arrivato\/a<\/em> (arriver)<\/li>\n  <li><em>entrare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 entrato\/a<\/em> (entrer)<\/li>\n  <li><em>uscire<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 uscito\/a<\/em> (sortir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>tornare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 tornato\/a<\/em> (rentrer, retourner)<\/li>\n  <li><em>rimanere<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 rimasto\/a<\/em> (rester)<\/li>\n  <li><em>restare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 restato\/a<\/em> (rester)<\/li>\n  <li><em>nascere<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 nato\/a<\/em> (na\u00eetre)<\/li>\n  <li><em>morire<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 morto\/a<\/em> (mourir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>diventare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 diventato\/a<\/em> (devenir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>riuscire<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 riuscito\/a<\/em> (r\u00e9ussir, parvenir \u00e0)<\/li>\n  <li><em>piacere<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 piaciuto\/a<\/em> (plaire)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Lorenzo \u00e8 partito per Lecce luned\u00ec scorso.<\/em><br><em>Lorenzo est parti pour Lecce lundi dernier.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Giulia \u00e8 arrivata tardi al negozio di fiori.<\/em><br><em>Giulia est arriv\u00e9e en retard \u00e0 la boutique de fleurs.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Pietro \u00e8 tornato da Modena ieri sera.<\/em><br><em>Pietro est rentr\u00e9 de Mod\u00e8ne hier soir.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Finalmente sono riuscito ad aprire il pacco.<\/em><br><em>J&#8217;ai enfin r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 ouvrir le paquet.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Verbes de changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat (sempre essere) :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>crescere<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 cresciuto\/a<\/em> (grandir, cro\u00eetre)<\/li>\n  <li><em>invecchiare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 invecchiato\/a<\/em> (vieillir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>dimagrire<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 dimagrito\/a<\/em> (maigrir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>ingrassare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 ingrassato\/a<\/em> (grossir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>migliorare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 migliorato\/a<\/em> (s&#8217;am\u00e9liorer)<\/li>\n  <li><em>peggiorare<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 peggiorato\/a<\/em> (empirer)<\/li>\n  <li><em>guarire<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 guarito\/a<\/em> (gu\u00e9rir)<\/li>\n  <li><em>esplodere<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 esploso\/a<\/em> (exploser)<\/li>\n  <li><em>cadere<\/em> : <em>\u00e8 caduto\/a<\/em> (tomber)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>La temperatura \u00e8 diminuita di cinque gradi in questi giorni.<\/em><br><em>La temp\u00e9rature a diminu\u00e9 de cinq degr\u00e9s ces derniers jours.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Martina \u00e8 guarita dopo una settimana di riposo.<\/em><br><em>Martina a gu\u00e9ri apr\u00e8s une semaine de repos.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<div style=\"background-color:#fffaf2;border:2px solid #ab2227;border-radius:14px;margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:25px;padding:20px 24px\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-exercice 1 :<\/strong> Choisissez l&#8217;auxiliaire correct (<em>ho\/ha\/hanno<\/em> ou <em>sono\/\u00e8\/siamo<\/em>) :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li>Niccol\u00f2 ___ mangiato troppo ieri sera.<\/li>\n  <li>Le ragazze ___ partite stamattina presto.<\/li>\n  <li>Valeria ___ nuotato per un&#8217;ora.<\/li>\n  <li>Tutti i fiori ___ appassiti per il caldo.<\/li>\n  <li>Lorenzo ___ letto tre libri questo mese.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<details>\n<summary>\ud83d\udc49 Voir les r\u00e9ponses<\/summary>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <em>ha<\/em> mangiato (transitif : quoi ? troppo) \u00b7 2. <em>sono<\/em> partite (mouvement + accord) \u00b7 3. <em>ha<\/em> nuotato (activit\u00e9) \u00b7 4. <em>sono<\/em> appassiti (changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat) \u00b7 5. <em>ha<\/em> letto (transitif : quoi ? tre libri)<\/p>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"essere-reflexifs\">3. Essere avec les verbes r\u00e9fl\u00e9chis et pronominaux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tous les verbes r\u00e9fl\u00e9chis et pronominaux prennent <em>essere<\/em> comme <strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9. C&#8217;est le m\u00eame principe qu&#8217;en fran\u00e7ais avec les verbes pronominaux (je me suis lev\u00e9e, ils se sont parl\u00e9). En italien, cette r\u00e8gle est encore plus r\u00e9guli\u00e8re et sans exception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Mi sono alzata alle sei.<\/em><br><em>Je me suis lev\u00e9e \u00e0 six heures.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Valeria si \u00e8 allenata in piscina ogni mattina.<\/em><br><em>Valeria s&#8217;est entra\u00een\u00e9e \u00e0 la piscine chaque matin.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Si \u00e8 rotta il polso durante la gara.<\/em><br><em>Elle s&#8217;est cass\u00e9 le poignet pendant la comp\u00e9tition.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Roberta e Iacopo si sono tanto amati.<\/em><br><em>Roberta et Iacopo se sont tant aim\u00e9s.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Mi sono lavato le mani prima di cena.<\/em><br><em>Je me suis lav\u00e9 les mains avant le d\u00eener.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les verbes pronominaux complexes comme <em>accorgersi<\/em> (se rendre compte), <em>arrabbiarsi<\/em> (se mettre en col\u00e8re), <em>vergognarsi<\/em> (avoir honte), <em>preoccuparsi<\/em> (s&#8217;inqui\u00e9ter) prennent tous <em>essere<\/em> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Giulia si \u00e8 accorta dell&#8217;errore solo dopo.<\/em><br><em>Giulia s&#8217;est rendu compte de l&#8217;erreur seulement apr\u00e8s.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Pietro si \u00e8 preoccupato inutilmente.<\/em><br><em>Pietro s&#8217;est inqui\u00e9t\u00e9 inutilement.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"accord-participe\">4. L&#8217;accord du participe pass\u00e9 avec essere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&#8217;est le point que les francophones oublient le plus souvent. Avec l&#8217;<strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> <em>essere<\/em>, le participe pass\u00e9 <strong>s&#8217;accorde obligatoirement<\/strong> en genre (masculin\/f\u00e9minin) et en nombre (singulier\/pluriel) avec le sujet. Il se comporte comme un adjectif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Sujet<\/th><th>Forme<\/th><th>Exemple<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>lui (masc. sing.)<\/td><td>-o<\/td><td><em>Lorenzo \u00e8 partito<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>lei (f\u00e9m. sing.)<\/td><td>-a<\/td><td><em>Giulia \u00e8 partita<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>loro (masc. plur.)<\/td><td>-i<\/td><td><em>I ragazzi sono partiti<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>loro (f\u00e9m. plur.)<\/td><td>-e<\/td><td><em>Le ragazze sono partite<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Gli studenti sono tornati a casa molto stanchi.<\/em><br><em>Les \u00e9tudiants sont rentr\u00e9s \u00e0 la maison tr\u00e8s fatigu\u00e9s.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Le gemelle erano nate il 6 maggio.<\/em><br><em>Les jumelles \u00e9taient n\u00e9es le 6 mai.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Martina si \u00e8 allenata tutta la settimana.<\/em><br><em>Martina s&#8217;est entra\u00een\u00e9e toute la semaine.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avec <em>avere<\/em>, en revanche, le participe pass\u00e9 reste invariable : \u00ab&nbsp;<em>Giulia ha mangiato<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb et \u00ab&nbsp;<em>Le ragazze hanno mangiato<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb, <em>mangiato<\/em> ne change pas.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<div style=\"background-color:#fffaf2;border:2px solid #ab2227;border-radius:14px;margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:25px;padding:20px 24px\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-exercice 2 :<\/strong> Accordez le participe pass\u00e9 si n\u00e9cessaire :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li>Valeria \u00e8 arrivat___ in ritardo alla lezione.<\/li>\n  <li>I bambini hanno mangiato___ tutta la torta.<\/li>\n  <li>Le mie sorelle sono partite___ ieri mattina.<\/li>\n  <li>Niccol\u00f2 ha comprat___ un nuovo paio di occhiali.<\/li>\n  <li>La libreria \u00e8 rimast___ chiusa tutto agosto.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<details>\n<summary>\ud83d\udc49 Voir les r\u00e9ponses<\/summary>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. arrivat<strong>a<\/strong> (essere + f\u00e9minin sing.) \u00b7 2. mangiato (invariable avec avere) \u00b7 3. partite (d\u00e9j\u00e0 correct) \u00b7 4. comprato (invariable avec avere) \u00b7 5. rimast<strong>a<\/strong> (essere + f\u00e9minin sing.)<\/p>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"double-auxiliaire\">5. Les verbes \u00e0 double auxiliaire : le pi\u00e8ge des francophones<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Voici le sujet qui fait tr\u00e9bucher m\u00eame les apprenants avanc\u00e9s. Certains verbes italiens peuvent prendre <em>avere<\/em> <strong>ou<\/strong> <em>essere<\/em> selon leur emploi : transitif (avec un objet direct) ou intransitif (sans objet). En fran\u00e7ais, cette distinction n&#8217;existe pas au m\u00eame niveau, \u00ab&nbsp;j&#8217;ai chang\u00e9&nbsp;\u00bb s&#8217;emploie dans tous les contextes. En italien, l&#8217;<strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> change et, avec lui, le sens de la phrase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le contraste est imm\u00e9diat :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Mia madre ha cambiato lavoro.<\/em> (avere : elle a chang\u00e9 de travail, objet direct)<br><em>Ma m\u00e8re a chang\u00e9 de travail.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>La libreria di quartiere \u00e8 cambiata molto.<\/em> (essere : la librairie a chang\u00e9, changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat)<br><em>La librairie de quartier a beaucoup chang\u00e9.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Ha salito le scale di corsa.<\/em> (avere : il a mont\u00e9 les escaliers, objet direct)<br><em>Il a mont\u00e9 les escaliers en courant.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>\u00c8 salito al terzo piano.<\/em> (essere : il est mont\u00e9 au 3e \u00e9tage, mouvement)<br><em>Il est mont\u00e9 au 3e \u00e9tage.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Abbiamo passato le vacanze di Natale in montagna.<\/em> (avere : on a pass\u00e9 les vacances, objet direct)<br><em>Nous avons pass\u00e9 les vacances de No\u00ebl \u00e0 la montagne.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>L&#8217;autobus \u00e8 gi\u00e0 passato per il centro.<\/em> (essere : le bus est pass\u00e9, mouvement)<br><em>Le bus est d\u00e9j\u00e0 pass\u00e9 par le centre.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Ieri finalmente ho finito i lavori di restauro.<\/em> (avere : j&#8217;ai fini les travaux, objet direct)<br><em>Hier j&#8217;ai enfin termin\u00e9 les travaux de r\u00e9novation.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>A che ora \u00e8 finito il balletto?<\/em> (essere : le ballet s&#8217;est termin\u00e9, sans objet)<br><em>\u00c0 quelle heure le ballet s&#8217;est-il termin\u00e9 ?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les verbes concern\u00e9s les plus fr\u00e9quents : <em>cambiare, passare, salire, scendere, finire, correre, cominciare, aumentare, diminuire, migliorare, peggiorare, vivere, durare<\/em>. La r\u00e8gle reste la m\u00eame : pr\u00e9sence d&#8217;un objet direct = <em>avere<\/em> ; absence d&#8217;objet direct avec sens d&#8217;\u00e9tat ou mouvement = <em>essere<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"verbes-modaux\">6. L&#8217;auxiliaire avec dovere, potere, volere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avec les verbes modaux <em>dovere<\/em> (devoir), <em>potere<\/em> (pouvoir) et <em>volere<\/em> (vouloir) suivis d&#8217;un infinitif, l&#8217;<strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> d\u00e9pend du verbe \u00e0 l&#8217;infinitif qui suit. Si ce verbe prendrait normalement <em>essere<\/em>, le modal prend <em>essere<\/em>. S&#8217;il prendrait <em>avere<\/em>, le modal prend <em>avere<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Sono venuto<\/em> : <em>Sono dovuto venire.<\/em> (essere, car venire prend essere)<br><em>Je suis venu : J&#8217;ai d\u00fb venir.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Sono partita<\/em> : <em>Sono voluta partire.<\/em> (essere, car partire prend essere)<br><em>Je suis partie : J&#8217;ai voulu partir.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Ho mangiato<\/em> : <em>Ho voluto mangiare.<\/em> (avere, car mangiare prend avere)<br><em>J&#8217;ai mang\u00e9 : J&#8217;ai voulu manger.<\/em><\/li>\n  <li><em>Ho lavorato<\/em> : <em>Ho dovuto lavorare tutta la notte.<\/em> (avere)<br><em>J&#8217;ai travaill\u00e9 : J&#8217;ai d\u00fb travailler toute la nuit.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exception : si le verbe \u00e0 l&#8217;infinitif est <em>essere<\/em> lui-m\u00eame, on utilise toujours <em>avere<\/em> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><em>Ho dovuto essere a Milano per le dieci.<\/em><br><em>J&#8217;ai d\u00fb \u00eatre \u00e0 Milan pour dix heures.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En pratique, dans la langue courante, beaucoup d&#8217;Italiens emploient aussi <em>avere<\/em> m\u00eame quand l&#8217;infinitif prend normalement <em>essere<\/em> (<em>ho dovuto andare<\/em> au lieu de <em>sono dovuto andare<\/em>) : les deux formes sont accept\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">7. Tableau r\u00e9capitulatif de l&#8217;auxiliaire italien<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Type de verbe<\/th><th>Auxiliaire<\/th><th>Exemples italiens<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Transitifs (avec objet direct)<\/td><td><strong>avere<\/strong><\/td><td>mangiare, leggere, cucire, comprare, aprire<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Intransitifs d&#8217;activit\u00e9<\/td><td><strong>avere<\/strong><\/td><td>dormire, camminare, nuotare, lavorare, parlare<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Mouvement \/ d\u00e9placement<\/td><td><strong>essere<\/strong><\/td><td>andare, venire, partire, arrivare, tornare, uscire, entrare<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/td><td><strong>essere<\/strong><\/td><td>diventare, crescere, invecchiare, migliorare, guarire, nascere, morire<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u00c9tat \/ permanence<\/td><td><strong>essere<\/strong><\/td><td>stare, restare, rimanere, sembrare, parere, riuscire, piacere<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>R\u00e9fl\u00e9chis \/ pronominaux<\/td><td><strong>essere<\/strong><\/td><td>alzarsi, lavarsi, sedersi, arrabbiarsi, accorgersi<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Double auxiliaire (transitif)<\/td><td><strong>avere<\/strong><\/td><td>ha cambiato, ha passato, ha salito, ha finito<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Double auxiliaire (intransitif)<\/td><td><strong>essere<\/strong><\/td><td>\u00e8 cambiato, \u00e8 passato, \u00e8 salito, \u00e8 finito<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Modaux + infinitif essere<\/td><td><strong>essere<\/strong><\/td><td>sono dovuto andare, sono voluta partire<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Modaux + infinitif avere<\/td><td><strong>avere<\/strong><\/td><td>ho dovuto lavorare, ho voluto mangiare<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialogue\">8. Dialogue A2 : \u00e0 la sartoria de Verona<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<div style=\"border-top:1px solid #dddddd;border-bottom:1px solid #dddddd;border-radius:10px;margin-top:28px;margin-bottom:28px;padding:20px 24px\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb <strong>Martina<\/strong> lavora come sarta a Verona. Un cliente, Lorenzo, entra nel suo negozio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <em>Buongiorno. Sono venuto a ritirare il vestito di mia moglie.<\/em><br><em>Bonjour. Je suis venu r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer la robe de ma femme.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb <em>Certamente. Ha portato il numero dell&#8217;ordine?<\/em><br><em>Bien s\u00fbr. Vous avez apport\u00e9 le num\u00e9ro de commande ?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <em>S\u00ec, ce l&#8217;ho qui. Ho anche pagato il deposito la settimana scorsa, vero?<\/em><br><em>Oui, je l&#8217;ai ici. J&#8217;ai aussi pay\u00e9 l&#8217;acompte la semaine derni\u00e8re, non ?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb <em>Esatto. Aspetti un momento&#8230; Ecco il vestito. Sua moglie \u00e8 partita per un viaggio?<\/em><br><em>Exactement. Un instant&#8230; Voil\u00e0 la robe. Votre femme est partie en voyage ?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <em>S\u00ec, \u00e8 andata a Lecce per lavoro. \u00c8 rimasta l\u00e0 tre giorni.<\/em><br><em>Oui, elle est all\u00e9e \u00e0 Lecce pour le travail. Elle y est rest\u00e9e trois jours.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb <em>Capisco. Il vestito \u00e8 venuto molto bene, sono soddisfatta. Ho usato un tessuto nuovo.<\/em><br><em>Je comprends. La robe a tr\u00e8s bien rendu, je suis satisfaite. J&#8217;ai utilis\u00e9 un tissu nouveau.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <em>Bellissimo! Quanto \u00e8 cambiato il negozio dall&#8217;ultima volta che sono venuto!<\/em><br><em>Magnifique ! Comme la boutique a chang\u00e9 depuis la derni\u00e8re fois que je suis venu !<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb <em>S\u00ec, ho cambiato tutto l&#8217;arredamento a marzo. Sono anche arrivate nuove attrezzature.<\/em><br><em>Oui, j&#8217;ai chang\u00e9 toute la d\u00e9coration en mars. De nouveaux \u00e9quipements sont aussi arriv\u00e9s.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <em>Complimenti! Mia moglie torner\u00e0 domenica. Posso venire a prendere il vestito domani?<\/em><br><em>F\u00e9licitations ! Ma femme rentrera dimanche. Puis-je venir chercher la robe demain ?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb <em>Certo, siamo aperti fino alle diciotto.<\/em><br><em>Bien s\u00fbr, nous sommes ouverts jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 dix-huit heures.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rep\u00e9rez les auxiliaires dans ce dialogue : <em>sono venuto<\/em> (essere, mouvement), <em>ha portato<\/em> (avere, transitif), <em>ho pagato<\/em> (avere, transitif), <em>\u00e8 partita<\/em> (essere, mouvement + accord f\u00e9minin), <em>\u00e8 andata<\/em> (essere, mouvement + accord), <em>\u00e8 rimasta<\/em> (essere, \u00e9tat + accord), <em>ho usato<\/em> (avere), <em>\u00e8 cambiato<\/em> (essere, changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat), <em>ho cambiato<\/em> (avere, transitif, notez la diff\u00e9rence !), <em>sono arrivate<\/em> (essere + accord f\u00e9minin pluriel).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<div style=\"background-color:#fffaf2;border:2px solid #ab2227;border-radius:14px;margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:25px;padding:20px 24px\">\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-exercice 3 :<\/strong> Dans le dialogue, trouvez deux exemples o\u00f9 le verbe <em>cambiare<\/em> prend deux auxiliaires diff\u00e9rents. Expliquez pourquoi.<\/p>\n\n\n<details>\n<summary>\ud83d\udc49 Voir la r\u00e9ponse<\/summary>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Quanto \u00e8 cambiato il negozio<\/em> : essere, car le magasin a subi un changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat (intransitif). <em>Ho cambiato tutto l&#8217;arredamento<\/em> : avere, car Martina a effectu\u00e9 un changement (transitif : elle a chang\u00e9 quoi ? toute la d\u00e9coration).<\/p>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mini-defi\">9. Mini-d\u00e9fi \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mettez les verbes suivants au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9 en choisissant le bon <strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> et en accordant le participe si n\u00e9cessaire :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li>Valeria (allenarsi) ___ ogni giorno per il campionato.<\/li>\n  <li>I prezzi (aumentare) ___ molto questo mese.<\/li>\n  <li>Niccol\u00f2 (ordinare) ___ un nuovo modello di occhiali.<\/li>\n  <li>Le ragazze (uscire) ___ insieme sabato sera.<\/li>\n  <li>Pietro (dovere + partire) ___ all&#8217;improvviso per lavoro.<\/li>\n  <li>La sartoria (diventare) ___ famosa in tutta la citt\u00e0.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<details>\n<summary>\ud83d\udc49 Voir les r\u00e9ponses<\/summary>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <em>si \u00e8 allenata<\/em> (essere + r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi + accord f\u00e9m.) \u00b7 2. <em>sono aumentati<\/em> (essere + changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat + accord masc. plur.) \u00b7 3. <em>ha ordinato<\/em> (avere + transitif) \u00b7 4. <em>sono uscite<\/em> (essere + mouvement + accord f\u00e9m. plur.) \u00b7 5. <em>\u00e8 dovuto partire<\/em> (essere, car partire prend essere) \u00b7 6. <em>\u00e8 diventata<\/em> (essere + changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat + accord f\u00e9m.)<\/p>\n\n<\/details>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Teste ta compr\u00e9hension<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vous avez assimil\u00e9 les r\u00e8gles de l&#8217;<strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9 ? V\u00e9rifiez vos connaissances avec le quiz ci-dessous.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<div style=\"background-color:#f4f5f6;border-top:2px solid #ab2227;border-bottom:2px solid #ab2227;border-radius:11px;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:30px;padding:20px 24px\">\n\n\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_34\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Temps limite: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">R&eacute;capitulatif du quiz<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Terminer le quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Terminer le quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Commencer le quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_loadQuiz\">\n            <p>\n                Chargement du quiz...            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_startOnlyRegisteredUser\">\n            <p>\n                \n    <div class=\"dante-quiz-login-box\">\n        <h2 class=\"dante-quiz-login-badge has-text-align-center\">Quiz d&rsquo;italien gratuit<\/h2>\n        <br>\n        <h3 class=\"dante-quiz-login-title has-text-align-center\">&laquo;&nbsp;Essere ou avere ? L&#8217;auxiliaire au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9&nbsp;&raquo;<\/h3>\n        <p class=\"has-text-align-left\">\n            Inscrivez-vous gratuitement pour faire ce quiz et acc&eacute;der en avant-premi&egrave;re aux nouvelles le&ccedil;ons d&rsquo;italien.\n        <\/p>\n        <div class=\"dante-quiz-social-buttons\">\n                <div class=\"dante-login-form\">\n        <div class=\"dante-social-btns\">\n            <a href=\"\/fr\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=google&redirect=%2Ffr%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F201\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#4285f4\" d=\"M22.56 12.25c0-.78-.07-1.53-.2-2.25H12v4.26h5.92c-.26 1.37-1.04 2.53-2.21 3.31v2.77h3.57c2.08-1.92 3.28-4.74 3.28-8.09z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#34a853\" d=\"M12 23c2.97 0 5.46-.98 7.28-2.66l-3.57-2.77c-.98.66-2.23 1.06-3.71 1.06-2.86 0-5.29-1.93-6.16-4.53H2.18v2.84C3.99 20.53 7.7 23 12 23z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#fbbc05\" d=\"M5.84 14.09c-.22-.66-.35-1.36-.35-2.09s.13-1.43.35-2.09V7.07H2.18C1.43 8.55 1 10.22 1 12s.43 3.45 1.18 4.93l2.85-2.22.81-.62z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#ea4335\" d=\"M12 5.38c1.62 0 3.06.56 4.21 1.64l3.15-3.15C17.45 2.09 14.97 1 12 1 7.7 1 3.99 3.47 2.18 7.07l3.66 2.84c.87-2.6 3.3-4.53 6.16-4.53z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continuer avec Google            <\/a>\n            <a href=\"\/fr\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=facebook&redirect=%2Ffr%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F201\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#1877f2\" d=\"M24 12.073c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.99 4.388 10.954 10.125 11.854v-8.385H7.078v-3.47h3.047V9.43c0-3.007 1.792-4.669 4.533-4.669 1.312 0 2.686.235 2.686.235v2.953H15.83c-1.491 0-1.956.925-1.956 1.874v2.25h3.328l-.532 3.47h-2.796v8.385C19.612 23.027 24 18.062 24 12.073z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continuer avec Facebook            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-divider\"><span>ou<\/span><\/div>\n        \n        <form class=\"dante-auth-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"nonce\" value=\"4f6541a9c4\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"redirect\" value=\"\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/201\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"show_register\" value=\"true\">\n            \n            <!-- HONEYPOT FIELD - Anti-Bot Protection -->\n            <div style=\"position: absolute; left: -9999px; top: -9999px; visibility: hidden;\">\n                <label for=\"website\">Website (leave blank)<\/label>\n                <input type=\"text\" name=\"website\" id=\"website\" value=\"\" autocomplete=\"off\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\">\n                <label>Email<\/label>\n                <input name=\"email\" type=\"email\" placeholder=\"votre adresse e-mail\" required id=\"email\">\n                <div class=\"dante-message\" id=\"email-message\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\" id=\"name-field\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <label>Nom complet<\/label>\n                <input name=\"name\" type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Votre nom complet\" id=\"name\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\">\n                <label>Password<\/label>\n                <input name=\"password\" type=\"password\" placeholder=\"Entrez un mot de passe\" required id=\"password\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-gdpr-section\" id=\"gdpr-field\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <label class=\"dante-checkbox-label\">\n                    <input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"gdpr\" id=\"gdpr\">\n                    <span class=\"dante-checkmark\"><\/span>\n                    J'accepte les <a href=\"\/fr\/conditions-utilisation\/\" target=\"_blank\">Conditions<\/a> et <a href=\"\/fr\/politique-de-confidentialite\/\" target=\"_blank\">Politique de confidentialit\u00e9<\/a>                <\/label>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-message\" id=\"form-message\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n            \n            <button type=\"submit\" class=\"dante-btn-primary\" id=\"submit-btn\">Continuer<\/button>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <script>\n    jQuery(function($) {\n        let mode = 'login';\n        let timeout;\n        \n        const texts = {\n            continue: 'Continuer',\n            signIn: 'Se connecter',\n            createAccount: 'Cr\u00e9er un compte',\n            enterPassword: 'Entrez un mot de passe',\n            enterYourPassword: 'Entrez votre mot de passe',\n            choosePassword: 'Choisissez un mot de passe s\u00fbr',\n            emailPasswordRequired: 'L\\'e-mail et le mot de passe sont obligatoires',\n            nameRequired: 'Le nom complet est obligatoire',\n            acceptTerms: 'Veuillez accepter les Conditions et la Politique de confidentialit\u00e9',\n            processing: '\u23f3 Traitement en cours...',\n            success: 'Parfait ! Redirection en cours...'\n        };\n        \n        $('#email').on('input', function() {\n            const email = $(this).val();\n            const showReg = $('input[name=\"show_register\"]').val();\n            \n            clearTimeout(timeout);\n            \n            if (!email.includes('@')) {\n                resetForm();\n                return;\n            }\n            \n            timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n                $.post('https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php', {\n                    action: 'dante_check_email',\n                    email: email,\n                    nonce: $('input[name=\"nonce\"]').val()\n                }, function(r) {\n                    if (r.success) {\n                        if (r.data.exists) {\n                            setLoginMode();\n                        } else if (showReg === 'true') {\n                            setRegisterMode();\n                        } else {\n                            setLoginMode();\n                        }\n                    }\n                });\n            }, 800);\n        });\n        \n        function resetForm() {\n            $('#name-field, #gdpr-field').hide();\n            $('#submit-btn').text(texts.continue);\n            $('#password').attr('placeholder', texts.enterPassword);\n        }\n        \n        function setLoginMode() {\n            mode = 'login';\n            $('#name-field, #gdpr-field').hide();\n            $('#submit-btn').text(texts.signIn);\n            $('#password').attr('placeholder', texts.enterYourPassword);\n        }\n        \n        function setRegisterMode() {\n            mode = 'register';\n            $('#name-field, #gdpr-field').show();\n            $('#submit-btn').text(texts.createAccount);\n            $('#password').attr('placeholder', texts.choosePassword);\n        }\n        \n        function showMessage(message, type = 'error') {\n            const messageDiv = $('#form-message');\n            messageDiv.removeClass('dante-success dante-error').addClass('dante-' + type);\n            messageDiv.text(message).show();\n            setTimeout(() => messageDiv.hide(), 5000);\n        }\n        \n        $('.dante-auth-form').on('submit', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            \n            const email = $('#email').val();\n            const password = $('#password').val();\n            const name = $('#name').val();\n            const gdpr = $('#gdpr').is(':checked');\n            const redirect = $('input[name=\"redirect\"]').val();\n            \n            if (!email || !password) {\n                showMessage(texts.emailPasswordRequired);\n                return;\n            }\n            \n            if (mode === 'register') {\n                if (!name) {\n                    showMessage(texts.nameRequired);\n                    return;\n                }\n                if (!gdpr) {\n                    showMessage(texts.acceptTerms);\n                    return;\n                }\n            }\n            \n            $('#submit-btn').prop('disabled', true).text(texts.processing);\n            $('#form-message').hide();\n            \n            $.post('https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php', {\n                action: 'dante_process_auth',\n                mode: mode,\n                email: email,\n                password: password,\n                name: name,\n                redirect: redirect,\n                website: $('#website').val(),\n                nonce: $('input[name=\"nonce\"]').val()\n            }, function(r) {\n                if (r.success) {\n                    showMessage(texts.success, 'success');\n                    setTimeout(() => window.location.href = r.data.redirect, 1000);\n                } else {\n                    showMessage(r.data);\n                    $('#submit-btn').prop('disabled', false).text(mode === 'login' ? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    Vous avez obtenu <span>0<\/span> points sur <span>0<\/span>, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" >\n                <h4>Cat&eacute;gories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"72\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Choix de phrases : l'auxiliaire<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"71\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Texte \u00e0 trous : l'auxiliaire<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Votre r&eacute;sultat &middot; 0 &agrave; 40&nbsp;%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Renfor&ccedil;ons les bases sur ce sujet.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Notre conseil.<\/strong> Un <strong>forfait de 10 le&ccedil;ons<\/strong> vous donne dix s&eacute;ances individuelles de 55 minutes avec un professeur de langue maternelle italienne, &agrave; votre rythme.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prochaine &eacute;tape sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Forfait 10 le&ccedil;ons<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Cours individuel<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Forfait 10 le&ccedil;ons\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Tous niveaux<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">S&eacute;ance individuelle de 55 minutes sur Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Votre professeur natif personnel<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Supports interactifs en ligne<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Devoirs apr&egrave;s chaque le&ccedil;on<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/nos-cours\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">D&eacute;couvrir le forfait 10 le&ccedil;ons &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Votre r&eacute;sultat &middot; 41 &agrave; 65&nbsp;%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Base solide. Construisons dessus.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Notre conseil.<\/strong> Un <strong>cours hebdomadaire individuel<\/strong> vous donne le rythme et le retour personnalis&eacute; pour transformer ce que vous savez en italien que vous parlez sans y penser.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prochaine &eacute;tape sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Cours hebdomadaire 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Cours individuel<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Cours hebdomadaire 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Tous niveaux<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">S&eacute;ance individuelle de 55 minutes sur Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Votre professeur natif personnel<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Supports interactifs en ligne<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Devoirs apr&egrave;s chaque le&ccedil;on<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/nos-cours\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">R&eacute;server un cours hebdomadaire &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Votre r&eacute;sultat &middot; 66 &agrave; 85&nbsp;%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Excellent travail. Vous &ecirc;tes pr&ecirc;t pour le groupe.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Notre conseil.<\/strong> Dans le <strong>cours en groupe Milano (A2-B1)<\/strong>, vous passez de la grammaire solide &agrave; la conversation r&eacute;elle.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prochaine &eacute;tape sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Groupe Milano<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Groupe Milano\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Petits groupes, 4 &eacute;tudiants maximum<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">S&eacute;ances hebdomadaires en direct sur Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammaire, vocabulaire, &eacute;coute, &eacute;criture<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Devoirs apr&egrave;s chaque le&ccedil;on<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/nos-cours\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Rejoindre le groupe Milano &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Votre r&eacute;sultat &middot; 86 &agrave; 100&nbsp;%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo&nbsp;! C&rsquo;est r&eacute;ussi.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Notre conseil.<\/strong> Rejoignez le <strong>cours en groupe Milano (A2-B1)<\/strong> pour transformer un italien correct en italien fluide.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prochaine &eacute;tape sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Groupe Milano<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Groupe Milano\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Petits groupes, 4 &eacute;tudiants maximum<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">S&eacute;ances hebdomadaires en direct sur Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammaire, vocabulaire, &eacute;coute, &eacute;criture<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Devoirs apr&egrave;s chaque le&ccedil;on<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/nos-cours\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Rejoindre le groupe Milano &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">R&eacute;pondue<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Marqu&eacute;e<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Marquer la question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Texte &agrave; trous : l&rsquo;auxiliaire<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Conjuguez chaque verbe au pass&eacute; compos&eacute; (auxiliaire + participe pass&eacute; avec accord si n&eacute;cessaire).<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Contesto.<\/strong> Nicola e Serena raccontano il loro fine settimana a Padova.<\/p>\n<p><em>Nicola et Serena racontent leur week-end &agrave; Padova.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"color:#888; margin:0 0 10px;\">Astuce : si votre clavier n&rsquo;a pas les accents italiens, tapez une apostrophe : <strong>e&rsquo;<\/strong> pour <strong>&egrave;<\/strong> (ex. <em>e&rsquo; arrivata<\/em> = <em>&egrave; arrivata<\/em>).<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"66\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ul><li>Serena (nuotare - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha nuotato)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Serena a nag&eacute; pendant une heure dans la piscine de Padova.<\/em><\/li><li>Serena (arrivare - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 arrivata, e' arrivata)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Serena est arriv&eacute;e en retard &agrave; l&rsquo;entra&icirc;nement.<\/em><\/li><li>Nicola (mangiare - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha mangiato)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Nicola a mang&eacute; une focaccia au fromage pr&egrave;s du march&eacute;.<\/em><\/li><li>Il pullman per Venezia (partire - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 partito, e' partito)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Le bus pour Venezia est parti avec dix minutes de retard.<\/em><\/li><li>Nicola (guarire - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 guarito, e' guarito)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Nicola a gu&eacute;ri apr&egrave;s trois jours de repos.<\/em><\/li><li>Serena (leggere - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha letto)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Serena a lu tout le roman en un apr&egrave;s-midi.<\/em><\/li><li>Serena (tornare - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 tornata, e' tornata)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Serena est rentr&eacute;e de Lecce samedi soir.<\/em><\/li><li>Nicola e Serena (lavorare - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno lavorato)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Nicola et Serena ont travaill&eacute; toute la matin&eacute;e pour le concert.<\/em><\/li><li>Il giovane cuoco del mercato di Padova (diventare - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"12\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 diventato, e' diventato)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Le jeune cuisinier du march&eacute; couvert de Padova est devenu tr&egrave;s c&eacute;l&egrave;bre.<\/em><\/li><li>Le ragazze (allenarsi - passato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"16\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(si sono allenate)<\/span><\/span>.<br><em>Les filles se sont entra&icirc;n&eacute;es chaque matin pour le championnat r&eacute;gional.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>10 sur 10. Vous ma&icirc;trisez le choix de l&rsquo;auxiliaire.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p><strong>R&egrave;gle :<\/strong> <strong>avere<\/strong> accompagne les verbes transitifs et les intransitifs d&rsquo;activit&eacute; (nuotare, lavorare, mangiare, leggere) : le participe pass&eacute; est invariable. <strong>Essere<\/strong> accompagne les verbes de mouvement (arrivare, partire, tornare), de changement d&rsquo;&eacute;tat (guarire, diventare) et les r&eacute;fl&eacute;chis (allenarsi) : le participe s&rsquo;accorde avec le sujet.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formes correctes :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin:0 0 0 18px; padding:0;\">\n<li><em>ha nuotato<\/em> &bull; a nag&eacute; (avere, activit&eacute;)<\/li>\n<li><em>&egrave; arrivata<\/em> &bull; est arriv&eacute;e (essere, F sing)<\/li>\n<li><em>ha mangiato<\/em> &bull; a mang&eacute; (avere, transitif)<\/li>\n<li><em>&egrave; partito<\/em> &bull; est parti (essere, M sing)<\/li>\n<li><em>&egrave; guarito<\/em> &bull; a gu&eacute;ri (essere, M sing)<\/li>\n<li><em>ha letto<\/em> &bull; a lu (avere, transitif)<\/li>\n<li><em>&egrave; tornata<\/em> &bull; est rentr&eacute;e (essere, F sing)<\/li>\n<li><em>hanno lavorato<\/em> &bull; ont travaill&eacute; (avere, activit&eacute;)<\/li>\n<li><em>&egrave; diventato<\/em> &bull; est devenu (essere, M sing)<\/li>\n<li><em>si sono allenate<\/em> &bull; se sont entra&icirc;n&eacute;es (essere, r&eacute;fl., F plur)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Vocabulaire :<\/strong> nuotare = nager &middot; guarire = gu&eacute;rir &middot; tornare = rentrer &middot; diventare = devenir &middot; allenarsi = s&rsquo;entra&icirc;ner<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Indice<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Posez-vous la question : le verbe a-t-il un objet direct ? Si oui (mangiare <em>quoi ?<\/em> une focaccia), c&rsquo;est <strong>avere<\/strong> et le participe est invariable. Si non et que le verbe exprime un mouvement (partire, arrivare, tornare) ou un changement d&rsquo;&eacute;tat (guarire, diventare), c&rsquo;est <strong>essere<\/strong> et le participe s&rsquo;accorde avec le sujet (-o\/-a\/-i\/-e).<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Indice\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"V&eacute;rifier\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Suivant\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Choix de phrases : l&rsquo;auxiliaire<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Dans chaque groupe, s&eacute;lectionnez la <strong>seule phrase correcte<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"67\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Valentina ha andato al concerto venerd&igrave; sera.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Valentina &egrave; andata al concerto venerd&igrave; sera.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> Valentina &egrave; andato al concerto venerd&igrave; sera.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> Le ragazze sono arrivati al traguardo insieme.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Le ragazze hanno arrivate al traguardo insieme.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> Le ragazze sono arrivate al traguardo insieme.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> Giacomo ha preso l&rsquo;ultimo treno per Lecce.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> Giacomo &egrave; preso l&rsquo;ultimo treno per Lecce.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> Giacomo ha prenduto l&rsquo;ultimo treno per Lecce.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> Beatrice &egrave; nata a Padova nel 1998.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> Beatrice ha nata a Padova nel 1998.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> Beatrice &egrave; nato a Padova nel 1998.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> La temperatura ha cambiato di colpo durante la notte.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> La temperatura &egrave; cambiato di colpo durante la notte.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_34_67\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> La temperatura &egrave; cambiata di colpo durante la notte.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>5 sur 5. Vous reconnaissez d&rsquo;embl&eacute;e le bon auxiliaire et le bon accord.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p><strong>R&egrave;gle :<\/strong> andare prend toujours <strong>essere<\/strong> (*ho andato = toujours faux) ; avec essere, le participe s&rsquo;accorde : -a (F sing), -e (F plur), -o (M sing), -i (M plur) ; nascere prend essere (*ha nata = faux) ; cambiare = avere quand il y a un objet direct, essere quand il n&rsquo;y en a pas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Phrases correctes :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin:0 0 0 18px; padding:0;\">\n<li><em>Valentina &egrave; andata al concerto venerd&igrave; sera.<\/em> &bull; Valentina est all&eacute;e au concert vendredi soir.<\/li>\n<li><em>Le ragazze sono arrivate al traguardo insieme.<\/em> &bull; Les filles sont arriv&eacute;es ensemble &agrave; l&rsquo;arriv&eacute;e.<\/li>\n<li><em>Giacomo ha preso l&rsquo;ultimo treno per Lecce.<\/em> &bull; Giacomo a pris le dernier train pour Lecce.<\/li>\n<li><em>Beatrice &egrave; nata a Padova nel 1998.<\/em> &bull; Beatrice est n&eacute;e &agrave; Padova en 1998.<\/li>\n<li><em>La temperatura &egrave; cambiata di colpo durante la notte.<\/em> &bull; La temp&eacute;rature a brusquement chang&eacute; pendant la nuit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Vocabulaire :<\/strong> traguardo = arriv&eacute;e (course) &middot; di colpo = brusquement &middot; prendere &rarr; preso &middot; nascere &rarr; nato<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Indice<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Pour chaque groupe, v&eacute;rifiez trois choses : (1) le bon auxiliaire (essere ou avere ?) ; (2) l&rsquo;accord du participe si essere (genre et nombre du sujet) ; (3) les pi&egrave;ges classiques : *ho andato, *ha nata, *prenduto n&rsquo;existent pas en italien.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Indice\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"V&eacute;rifier\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Suivant\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_34',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 34,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 15,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"71\":10,\"72\":5},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Terminer le quiz\",\n                    json: {\"66\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":66,\"catId\":71,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"ha nuotato\"],[\"\\u00e8 arrivata\",\"e' arrivata\"],[\"ha mangiato\"],[\"\\u00e8 partito\",\"e' partito\"],[\"\\u00e8 guarito\",\"e' guarito\"],[\"ha letto\"],[\"\\u00e8 tornata\",\"e' tornata\"],[\"hanno lavorato\"],[\"\\u00e8 diventato\",\"e' diventato\"],[\"si sono allenate\"]]},\"67\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":67,\"catId\":72,\"points\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1],\"correct\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Questions fr\u00e9quentes sur l&#8217;auxiliaire italien<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les questions ci-dessous refl\u00e8tent les doutes les plus courants des francophones sur le choix de l&#8217;<strong>auxiliaire italien<\/strong> au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9. Les r\u00e9ponses sont bas\u00e9es sur les usages attest\u00e9s de la langue contemporaine.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-q1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Pourquoi dit-on u00e8 andato mais ho mangiato ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>andare est un verbe de mouvement. Les verbes de du00e9placement ou changement d&#8217;u00e9tat prennent essere.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-q2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Riuscire prend essere ou avere ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Riuscire prend toujours essere : sono riuscito, u00e8 riuscita.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-q3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Comment choisir l&#8217;auxiliaire avec cambiare et finire ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Double auxiliaire selon sens transitif ou intransitif.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-q4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Avec dovere, potere, volere, quel auxiliaire choisir ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>L&#8217;auxiliaire du00e9pend du verbe u00e0 l&#8217;infinitif qui suit.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-q5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Piacere prend quel auxiliaire ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Piacere prend toujours essere : mi u00e8 piaciuto il film.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-q6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Le participe passu00e9 s&#8217;accorde-t-il toujours avec essere ?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Oui, accord obligatoire en genre et nombre avec essere.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Guides associ\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/passe-compose-italien\/\" rel=\"dofollow\">Le pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9 en italien : formation et emplois<\/a> : toute la m\u00e9canique du passato prossimo<\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/essere-avere\/\" rel=\"dofollow\">Essere et avere au pr\u00e9sent : \u00eatre et avoir en italien<\/a> : la conjugaison de base des deux auxiliaires<\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/apprendre-italien-gratuitement\/\" rel=\"dofollow\">Apprendre l&#8217;italien gratuitement<\/a> : tous nos guides de grammaire italienne<\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/avere-o-essere_%28La-grammatica-italiana%29\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Treccani : Avere o essere?<\/a> (source normative)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d En bref. Choisir le bon auxiliaire italien au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9 est l&#8217;une des premi\u00e8res grandes questions que se posent les francophones. La r\u00e8gle de base : avere (avoir) accompagne les verbes transitifs, essere (\u00eatre) accompagne les verbes de mouvement, de changement d&#8217;\u00e9tat et les verbes r\u00e9fl\u00e9chis. Mais attention : certains verbes changent d&#8217;auxiliaire selon &#8230; <a title=\"Essere ou avere ? L&#8217;auxiliaire au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/auxiliaire-essere-avere-passe\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Essere ou avere ? L&#8217;auxiliaire au pass\u00e9 compos\u00e9\">Read more \u226b<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-a2","category-non-classe","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=201"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":319,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/201\/revisions\/319"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}