{"id":60926,"date":"2026-05-27T18:45:54","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T09:45:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=60926"},"modified":"2026-06-04T02:52:19","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T17:52:19","slug":"italian-academic-register","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-academic-register\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Academic Register: How Papers and Theses Sound (C1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> The <strong>italian academic register<\/strong> is the language of saggi, papers and PhD theses: a written variety that favours nouns over verbs (l&#8217;analisi dei dati, not analizziamo i dati), passive constructions (\u00e8 stato osservato), formal connectives (in primo luogo, peraltro, pertanto, nondimeno), a discreet set of Latinisms (a fortiori, in vitro, status quaestionis), a careful apparatus of citation markers (ibid., op. cit., cfr.), and a habit of hedging (sembra che, si potrebbe sostenere) that keeps every claim provisional. It is the third sister of the formal Italian family, alongside burocratese and the language of newspapers, and the one C1 learners need most when they sit down to write.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you have ever opened an italian thesis introduction and felt that the page was speaking a different language, you were not wrong. The italian academic register has its own grammar of caution, its own connective lexicon, and its own etiquette of self-mention. Master those three layers and your saggio, your paper or your dissertation stops sounding like a translation and starts sounding like a piece of italian scholarship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide walks through nine features of the italian academic register, with examples taken from the kind of paragraph you would expect in the opening of a humanities thesis. A cheat-sheet pairs each colloquial expression with its scholarly equivalent, a Urbino dialogue between Beatrice and her supervisor Ottavio shows the register in motion, and a short mini-challenge invites you to convert a paragraph of your own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-acad\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-h-acad gb-headline-text\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:24px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to sections<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what-is\">What the italian academic register is<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#nominalization\">Nominalisation: turning verbs into nouns<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#passive\">Passive constructions: \u00e8 stato osservato<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#authorial-noi\">The authorial noi in a thesis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#connectives\">Formal connectives: in primo luogo, peraltro, pertanto<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#hedging\">Hedging: sembra che, si potrebbe sostenere<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#latinisms\">Latinisms in the italian academic register<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#citation\">Citation apparatus: cfr., ibid., op. cit.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: colloquial vs scholarly<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialog\">Dialog: Beatrice and Ottavio in Urbino<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is\">What the italian academic register is<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walk into a dipartimento in Urbino on a Tuesday morning, settle at the long table of the biblioteca di linguistica, and pick up the first thesis on the shelf. Within three sentences you will recognise the italian academic register: nouns piled on nouns, passive verbs, a vocabulary of caution. It is the prose of a parlatore who has chosen, deliberately, to step behind the screen of the institution and let the argument speak in his or her place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian academic register belongs to the family of formal written varieties. Its closest sisters are the language of newspapers and the bureaucratic prose of ministries and courts: all three favour nominalisation, the passive, and a careful avoidance of the bare verb dire. What sets the academic register apart is its purpose. A journalist writes for a deadline; a public official writes for compliance; an academic writes for peer scrutiny. The third audience demands hedging, citation, and a connective apparatus that no other register develops to the same degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a C1 reader the practical consequence is concrete. When Beatrice, a dottoranda in linguistica at Urbino, sits down to draft the introduzione of her tesi, the italian academic register asks her to convert habits of speech into habits of writing. The result, done well, sounds neither pompous nor cold: it sounds reasoned. Done badly, it sounds like a translation from English or a parody of a ministerial circular. The difference is technique, and most of that technique can be learned in nine moves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"nominalization\">Nominalisation: turning verbs into nouns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first and most recognisable feature of the italian academic register is nominalisation: a verb is compressed into a noun, and the sentence is rebuilt around it. Where conversation says <em>abbiamo analizzato i dati<\/em>, the saggio says <em>l&#8217;analisi dei dati ha confermato l&#8217;ipotesi<\/em>. Treccani notes that this device is &#8220;molto frequente nel linguaggio burocratico, scientifico e in generale nei linguaggi tecnici e settoriali per il carattere impersonale e astratto che l&#8217;uso del nome al posto del verbo conferisce alla scrittura&#8221;: exactly the impression an academic paragraph aims to produce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The morphological toolkit is small and productive. Four suffixes carry most of the load: <em>-mento<\/em> (accertamento, ragionamento, ampliamento), <em>-zione<\/em> (osservazione, classificazione, individuazione), <em>-sione<\/em> (decisione, comprensione) and <em>-tura<\/em> (lettura, scrittura, struttura). Beatrice converts almost every action verb in her introduzione: <em>verificare<\/em> becomes <em>verifica<\/em>, <em>raccogliere<\/em> becomes <em>raccolta<\/em>, <em>interpretare<\/em> becomes <em>interpretazione<\/em>. The verb does not vanish; it is parked in the auxiliary slot of a passive (<em>\u00e8 stata condotta una verifica<\/em>), or it is recovered by a light verb (<em>si procede a una verifica<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>analizzare \u2192 l&#8217;analisi \u00b7 <em>L&#8217;analisi dei dati ha confermato l&#8217;ipotesi iniziale.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>verificare \u2192 la verifica \u00b7 <em>La verifica empirica \u00e8 stata condotta su un campione di duecento parlanti.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>classificare \u2192 la classificazione \u00b7 <em>La classificazione proposta nel capitolo terzo si fonda su criteri distribuzionali.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>individuare \u2192 l&#8217;individuazione \u00b7 <em>L&#8217;individuazione delle varianti regionali costituisce il primo obiettivo del lavoro.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>osservare \u2192 l&#8217;osservazione \u00b7 <em>Si \u00e8 proceduto a un&#8217;osservazione sistematica del corpus.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pay-off is informational density. A single noun phrase like <em>l&#8217;individuazione delle varianti regionali nel parlato urbano<\/em> compresses, in seven words, what conversation would unfold across two clauses. The italian academic register exploits this compression to stack premise upon premise without losing the reader to subordinate chains, and the same noun-heavy texture is the first signature a trained reader of the italian academic register picks up from the opening paragraph.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-mt-acad-1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task 1.<\/strong> Rewrite each spoken sentence into the italian academic register using a nominalised noun.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Abbiamo raccolto i dati a Urbino nel 2024.<\/li>\n<li>Ottavio ha proposto una nuova interpretazione del fenomeno.<\/li>\n<li>I ricercatori hanno verificato l&#8217;ipotesi su un campione ampio.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>La raccolta dei dati \u00e8 stata effettuata a Urbino nel 2024.<\/em><br>2. <em>Una nuova interpretazione del fenomeno \u00e8 stata proposta da Ottavio.<\/em><br>3. <em>La verifica dell&#8217;ipotesi \u00e8 stata condotta su un campione ampio.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"passive\">Passive constructions: \u00e8 stato osservato<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If nominalisation removes the verb, the passive removes the actor. The italian academic register uses both at once. Where colloquial Italian says <em>abbiamo osservato un calo<\/em>, the saggio says <em>\u00e8 stato osservato un calo<\/em>; where speech says <em>la commissione ha approvato il protocollo<\/em>, the dissertation says <em>il protocollo \u00e8 stato approvato<\/em>. The agent slides into a marginal <em>da parte di<\/em> phrase, or, more often, disappears altogether.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Treccani entry on the lingua della scienza describes this phenomenon as a form of <em>deagentivizzazione<\/em>: the removal of the agent from the syntactic foreground. Two constructions do most of the work. The first is the analytic passive with <em>essere<\/em> plus past participle (<em>\u00e8 stato osservato<\/em>, <em>sono stati raccolti<\/em>). The second is the <em>si<\/em> passivante (<em>si rilevano scostamenti<\/em>, <em>si \u00e8 proceduto a un&#8217;analisi<\/em>), which italian scholarship borrows wholesale from administrative prose. Both serve the same function: they place the result of an action in the topic position and demote the human agent who carried it out.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u00c8 stato osservato che il fenomeno presenta una distribuzione geografica netta.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Si rileva una corrispondenza tra l&#8217;uso del congiuntivo e il livello di istruzione.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Vengono qui esaminate le obiezioni mosse alla tesi sostenuta nel capitolo precedente.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I risultati saranno discussi nel paragrafo seguente.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian academic register, in its scientific subvariety, tolerates and indeed prefers a third construction: the perifrasi with <em>venire<\/em>, which italian scholarship favours in non-perfective tenses because it sounds dynamic without imposing the heavy <em>essere<\/em> plus participle pattern. <em>Vengono qui esaminate le obiezioni<\/em> reads more naturally in a thesis introduzione than <em>Sono qui esaminate le obiezioni<\/em>, even though both are grammatical. A reader who has spent five minutes with the register will register the distinction without naming it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"authorial-noi\">The authorial noi in a thesis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A single author of an italian thesis almost never writes <em>io<\/em>. The italian academic register asks for the authorial <em>noi<\/em>, a first-person plural that includes the reader in a shared act of inquiry: <em>nei paragrafi che seguono presenteremo i risultati<\/em>, <em>concentreremo la nostra attenzione sul registro scritto<\/em>, <em>chiameremo questa variante &#8220;accademica&#8221;<\/em>. The form is not majestic in the way the <em>plurale maiestatis<\/em> of a monarch would be; it is participatory, almost pedagogical, an invitation to the reader to walk through the argument with the author.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beatrice opens her introduzione with this convention: <em>in questo lavoro intendiamo analizzare la variazione del congiuntivo nel parlato accademico<\/em>. Ottavio, reading the draft, leaves the <em>intendiamo<\/em> in place and crosses out the few residual <em>io credo<\/em> and <em>io penso<\/em> that crept in from her notes. The rule is not absolute: first-person singular is acceptable in some humanities essays, especially in the preface or in a methodological note, but in the body of an italian thesis the authorial <em>noi<\/em> remains the default. We treat this convention in depth in our dedicated guide on the <a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-authorial-noi\/\">italian authorial noi<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"connectives\">Formal connectives: in primo luogo, peraltro, pertanto<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian academic register is held together by an inventory of formal connectives that conversation rarely needs. They label the logical role of each sentence with respect to the previous one, so the reader never has to guess. Treccani lists, in the entry on the lingua della scienza, the explicit logical connectors that build coesione del testo more systematically than everyday Italian: <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>, <em>poich\u00e9<\/em>, <em>dato che<\/em>, <em>in conseguenza<\/em>, <em>infatti<\/em>, <em>quindi<\/em>, <em>ne consegue che<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To this open list, scholarly Italian adds a register-specific set that you will rarely hear in speech but read on every other page of a saggio. <em>In primo luogo<\/em> and <em>in secondo luogo<\/em> open enumerations; <em>peraltro<\/em> introduces an aside that qualifies without contradicting; <em>per contro<\/em> and <em>viceversa<\/em> introduce a deliberate counter-example; <em>pertanto<\/em> draws a conclusion with more formality than <em>quindi<\/em>; <em>nondimeno<\/em> and <em>cionondimeno<\/em> concede a point without yielding the argument; <em>in tal senso<\/em> and <em>a tal proposito<\/em> orient the reader inside a developing line of reasoning.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>In primo luogo, occorre definire l&#8217;oggetto dell&#8217;indagine; in secondo luogo, \u00e8 necessario delimitarne l&#8217;estensione.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Peraltro, va osservato che il campione non \u00e8 bilanciato per fascia d&#8217;et\u00e0.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I dati raccolti, viceversa, smentiscono parzialmente l&#8217;ipotesi di partenza.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Pertanto, si rende necessaria una riformulazione del modello.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Nondimeno, le conclusioni proposte conservano una loro validit\u00e0 descrittiva.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>In tal senso, lo studio di Ottavio si colloca nel solco di una tradizione consolidata.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A subtle point of italian usage. <em>Peraltro<\/em> can be written as one word or two (<em>per altro<\/em>); Treccani records that both spellings are accepted, with the univerbated form <em>peraltro<\/em> by far more common in present-day usage. The same goes for <em>cionondimeno<\/em>, which Beatrice prefers in its solid form, against the older <em>ci\u00f2 nondimeno<\/em>. A relentless use of the same connective is, however, the surest mark of an inexperienced writer: a saggio that opens every paragraph with <em>tuttavia<\/em> announces an apprentice. Rotate the inventory and the prose breathes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hedging\">Hedging: sembra che, si potrebbe sostenere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian academic register is, almost by definition, a register of caution. A claim presented as absolute invites refutation; a claim qualified with the right hedge invites discussion. Italian scholarship has developed a careful set of hedging devices to mark the strength of every assertion: a small number of verbs, a handful of adverbs, and one or two impersonal constructions do most of the work.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Verbs of seeming: <em>sembra che<\/em>, <em>pare che<\/em>, <em>risulta che<\/em>, <em>si direbbe che<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Modal hedges: <em>si potrebbe sostenere<\/em>, <em>\u00e8 possibile che<\/em>, <em>non si esclude che<\/em>, <em>non \u00e8 da escludere<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Adverbial qualifiers: <em>plausibilmente<\/em>, <em>presumibilmente<\/em>, <em>verosimilmente<\/em>, <em>in via preliminare<\/em>, <em>sia pure con cautela<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Concessive frames: <em>per quanto possa apparire controverso<\/em>, <em>fatta salva la necessit\u00e0 di ulteriori verifiche<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples drawn from the kind of paragraph Beatrice writes in the introduzione: <em>Sembra che il dato sia compatibile con una lettura sociolinguistica<\/em>; <em>si potrebbe argomentare che la variazione dipenda anche dall&#8217;et\u00e0 anagrafica<\/em>; <em>i risultati paiono confermare, sia pure con cautela, la nostra ipotesi<\/em>; <em>non si esclude che fattori contestuali abbiano inciso sulla risposta<\/em>; <em>l&#8217;interpretazione qui proposta resta, evidentemente, provvisoria<\/em>. Each hedge has a precise weight: <em>sembra<\/em> is weaker than <em>risulta<\/em>; <em>plausibilmente<\/em> is weaker than <em>verosimilmente<\/em>; <em>non si esclude<\/em> is the most conservative formula a scholar can use without abandoning the claim altogether. A C1 reader who recognises these weights is already reading the italian academic register as the writer intended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One word of caution. Hedging is a sign of intellectual honesty in the italian academic register, but it can degenerate into evasion. A paragraph in which every verb is hedged loses force: the reader cannot tell what the author actually believes. The convention is to hedge specific claims and to state the central thesis of the saggio plainly, in indicative mood, somewhere in the introduzione and again in the conclusioni. The hedging then operates as a frame around an unhedged core.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"latinisms\">Latinisms in the italian academic register<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A page written in the italian academic register typically contains two or three Latinisms. Used sparingly, they signal that the writer belongs to an intellectual tradition; used in excess, they make the page sound like a pretentious imitation of nineteenth-century lectures. The italian academic register has settled, over the past fifty years, on a short list of Latinisms that are still considered tasteful in contemporary humanities and social science writing.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>a fortiori<\/em>: a maggior ragione. <em>A fortiori, l&#8217;argomento vale per il sottocampione femminile, pi\u00f9 numeroso.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>in vitro<\/em> \/ <em>in vivo<\/em>: in laboratory \/ in living conditions. <em>La sperimentazione \u00e8 stata condotta in vitro su una coltura cellulare.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>ceteris paribus<\/em>: a parit\u00e0 di altre condizioni. <em>Ceteris paribus, all&#8217;aumentare dell&#8217;esposizione si registra un incremento della competenza ricettiva.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>status quaestionis<\/em>: stato della questione. <em>Lo status quaestionis del capitolo primo riassume la bibliografia in materia.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>ex ante<\/em> \/ <em>ex post<\/em>: prima dei fatti \/ dopo i fatti. <em>Ex ante, l&#8217;ipotesi appariva poco plausibile; ex post, i dati l&#8217;hanno corroborata.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>passim<\/em>: in pi\u00f9 luoghi del testo. <em>Cfr. Ottavio 2019, passim.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>et al.<\/em>: e altri (coautori). <em>Si veda Beatrice et al. (2024).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Treccani defines <em>a fortiori<\/em> as a locuzione latina medievale che vale &#8220;tanto pi\u00f9, a maggior ragione&#8221;, e ne segnala l&#8217;uso &#8220;ancora vivo nel linguaggio giuridico, filosofico, matematico&#8221;. The same caveat applies to the whole list: each of these Latinisms has a precise semantic value, and using it where a plain italian equivalent would do the same work is a sign of immaturity rather than of erudition. A C1 writer who masters the italian academic register learns to weigh each Latinism before committing it to the page.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-mt-acad-2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task 2.<\/strong> Match each colloquial sentence with the Latinism that would best fit an academic rewrite.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Se questo vale per gli studenti pi\u00f9 giovani, vale ancora di pi\u00f9 per quelli pi\u00f9 anziani. \u2192 ?<\/li>\n<li>Prima dell&#8217;esperimento la previsione era diversa. \u2192 ?<\/li>\n<li>Riassumiamo nel primo capitolo quello che la bibliografia ha gi\u00e0 detto sull&#8217;argomento. \u2192 ?<\/li>\n<li>A parit\u00e0 di altre condizioni, il risultato cresce. \u2192 ?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>a fortiori<\/em> \u00b7 2. <em>ex ante<\/em> \u00b7 3. <em>status quaestionis<\/em> \u00b7 4. <em>ceteris paribus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"citation\">Citation apparatus: cfr., ibid., op. cit.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian academic register inherits, from medieval Latin philology, a compact apparatus of citation markers that allows a footnote to point to a source without repeating the full reference each time. The most common are <em>cfr.<\/em> (confer, &#8220;compare&#8221;), <em>ibid.<\/em> or <em>ibidem<\/em> (&#8220;in the same place&#8221;), <em>id.<\/em> or <em>idem<\/em> (&#8220;the same author&#8221;), <em>op. cit.<\/em> (&#8220;the work cited earlier&#8221;), <em>loc. cit.<\/em> (&#8220;the place cited earlier&#8221;), <em>passim<\/em> (&#8220;scattered through the text&#8221;) and <em>sic<\/em> (a flag that an apparent error in a quotation is faithful to the original).<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>cfr.<\/em> = compare. <em>Cfr. Ottavio 2019, cap. 3.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>ibid.<\/em> = same work, immediately preceding citation. <em>Ibid., p. 49.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>id.<\/em> = same author, when listing several works by him or her in sequence.<\/li>\n<li><em>op. cit.<\/em> = work cited earlier, with another reference in between. <em>Beatrice, op. cit., p. 53.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>sic<\/em> = the form in the quotation is genuine, not a typo of yours. <em>\u00abLa parola non \u00e8 mai bastante \u00bb (lettera 1972).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two things to remember in practice. First, the choice of apparatus depends on the citation style adopted by the journal or by the dipartimento: <em>ibid.<\/em> and <em>op. cit.<\/em> belong to the so-called &#8220;Chicago-Turabian&#8221; footnote system that italian humanities still favour, whereas the social sciences increasingly use author-date (<em>Beatrice 2024, p. 47<\/em>) and abandon Latin markers altogether. Second, when the system does use Latin markers, italics are mandatory and the abbreviation goes lowercase. The italian academic register punishes the mixed footnote that reads <em>Ibid.<\/em> in one entry and <em>ibid.<\/em> in the next.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: colloquial vs scholarly<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One table to keep open while you draft the introduzione. Left column: how you would say it at the bar. Right column: how the italian academic register would print it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Colloquial italian<\/th><th>Italian academic register<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Abbiamo analizzato i dati.<\/td><td>\u00c8 stata condotta un&#8217;analisi dei dati.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Tanti studiosi pensano che&#8230;<\/td><td>Una parte considerevole della letteratura sostiene che&#8230;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Secondo me il fenomeno dipende da&#8230;<\/td><td>Si potrebbe sostenere che il fenomeno dipenda da&#8230;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>E quindi serve un altro modello.<\/td><td>Pertanto, si rende necessaria una riformulazione del modello.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Per\u00f2 bisogna anche dire che&#8230;<\/td><td>Peraltro, va osservato che&#8230;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Al contrario, i nostri dati dicono&#8230;<\/td><td>I nostri dati, viceversa, indicano&#8230;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Forse il dato si spiega cos\u00ec.<\/td><td>Plausibilmente, il dato si spiega in tal senso.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Vale ancora di pi\u00f9 per&#8230;<\/td><td>A fortiori, ci\u00f2 vale per&#8230;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Riassumiamo cosa hanno gi\u00e0 detto.<\/td><td>Si offre, nel capitolo primo, uno status quaestionis.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Anche se il punto \u00e8 discutibile&#8230;<\/td><td>Sebbene il punto risulti controverso&#8230;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>E poi un&#8217;altra cosa: &#8230;<\/td><td>In secondo luogo,&#8230;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Lo dice anche lui nello stesso libro.<\/td><td>Cfr. ibid., p. 47.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialog\">Dialog: Beatrice and Ottavio in Urbino<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Setting: the dipartimento di Linguistica e Letterature comparate of the Universit\u00e0 di Urbino, mid-morning. Beatrice, a third-year dottoranda, has sent Ottavio, her relatore, the first draft of the introduzione to her tesi. They meet in his studio to go through the paragraph that opens the manoscritto, sentence by sentence. Watch the register slide upward as Ottavio rewords each line into the italian academic register.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dlg-acad\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Allora, ho aperto cos\u00ec: \u00abIn questa tesi voglio studiare il congiuntivo nel parlato accademico di Urbino\u00bb. Va bene?<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> Va bene il contenuto. Va riscritta la voce. In introduzione non si dice \u00abvoglio\u00bb: si scrive \u00abintendiamo\u00bb. \u00abIn questo lavoro intendiamo analizzare la variazione del congiuntivo nel parlato accademico urbinate.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Anche se la tesi \u00e8 mia? Mi sembra strano dire \u00abintendiamo\u00bb se sono sola al computer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> \u00c8 la convenzione della scrittura accademica italiana: il noi inclusivo invita il lettore a percorrere con te l&#8217;argomento. Non \u00e8 un plurale di maest\u00e0, \u00e8 un plurale di compagnia. La trattiamo nel post dedicato, ma ricordatelo come regola: nella tesi, mai io.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Poi ho scritto: \u00abAbbiamo raccolto i dati nel 2024 perch\u00e9 ci interessava capire come parlano i ricercatori giovani\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> Compressione. Trasforma il verbo in nome. \u00abLa raccolta dei dati, effettuata nel 2024, risponde all&#8217;esigenza di documentare l&#8217;uso del congiuntivo presso i ricercatori in formazione.\u00bb Quattro azioni in una sola frase, e l&#8217;oggetto della raccolta si sposta in posizione tematica.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> \u00abE poi una cosa importante: tanti studiosi non sono d&#8217;accordo su come definire il parlato accademico\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> Riscrivilo con i connettivi formali. \u00abIn secondo luogo, va osservato che una parte considerevole della letteratura non concorda su una definizione univoca di parlato accademico.\u00bb \u00abIn secondo luogo\u00bb chiama implicitamente un \u00abin primo luogo\u00bb nella frase precedente: ti obbliga a strutturare l&#8217;argomentazione.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> \u00abSecondo me la spiegazione migliore \u00e8 quella sociolinguistica\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> Attenuazione. \u00abSembra che l&#8217;interpretazione sociolinguistica offra, sia pure con cautela, il quadro esplicativo pi\u00f9 convincente.\u00bb Non hai eliminato la tua tesi: l&#8217;hai presentata come oggetto di discussione, non come verdetto.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> E i latinismi? Posso scrivere \u00abstatus quaestionis\u00bb?<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> S\u00ec, ma uno per capitolo. \u00abLo status quaestionis del capitolo primo riassume la bibliografia in materia.\u00bb Se ne metti tre per pagina sembri Carducci nel 1894, non una dottoranda nel 2026.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> E per le note: ho scritto \u00abvedi anche lo stesso autore, p. 53\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> \u00abCfr. ibid., p. 53\u00bb, se la citazione precedente \u00e8 dello stesso autore e della stessa opera. \u00abCfr. id., p. 53\u00bb se \u00e8 dello stesso autore ma di un&#8217;opera diversa. \u00abCfr. op. cit., p. 53\u00bb se tra le due citazioni ne \u00e8 intervenuta un&#8217;altra. \u00c8 un piccolo codice, ma l&#8217;occhio del lettore accademico lo decifra immediatamente.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Quindi praticamente devo riscrivere tutta l&#8217;introduzione.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Ottavio:<\/strong> Praticamente s\u00ec. Ma vedrai che al terzo capitolo il registro ti verr\u00e0 spontaneo. La scrittura accademica si impara come si impara il greco antico: leggendo molto, e copiando il movimento delle frasi finch\u00e9 diventa tuo.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-mc-acad\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"challenge\">\ud83c\udfaf Mini-challenge<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take this colloquial paragraph and rewrite it in the italian academic register. Keep the content, raise the register.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u00abVolevo studiare come parlano i ricercatori a Urbino. Ho raccolto dei dati nel 2024, ho ascoltato cento ore di conferenze e ho contato quante volte usano il congiuntivo. Secondo me i giovani lo usano meno dei vecchi, ma forse dipende anche dal fatto che le conferenze sono pi\u00f9 informali oggi. Comunque, nel mio lavoro voglio dimostrare questo.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show a model rewrite<\/summary>\n<p><em>\u00abNel presente lavoro ci proponiamo di analizzare le modalit\u00e0 d&#8217;uso del congiuntivo nel parlato accademico urbinate. La raccolta dei dati, effettuata nel 2024, ha riguardato un corpus di un centinaio di ore di registrazioni di conferenze, sul quale \u00e8 stata condotta la rilevazione delle occorrenze. In primo luogo, si rileva una riduzione dell&#8217;uso del congiuntivo presso i ricercatori pi\u00f9 giovani. Peraltro, sembra che il dato debba essere letto alla luce di un parallelo abbassamento del registro delle conferenze stesse. Pertanto, intendiamo argomentare, sia pure con cautela, che la variazione osservata vada interpretata in chiave sociolinguistica.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take the quiz below to test what you have learned about the <em>italian academic register<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-acad\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_1243\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. 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             <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"615\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">How academic prose sounds<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"98\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Spot the correct sentence<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Rinforziamo le basi su questo argomento.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Un <strong>Pacchetto da 10 Lezioni<\/strong> ti d&agrave; dieci sessioni di 55 minuti con un insegnante madrelingua, ai tuoi tempi.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Pacchetto 10 Lezioni<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Pacchetto 10 Lezioni\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri il Pacchetto 10 Lezioni &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottima base. Costruiamoci sopra.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Una <strong>lezione settimanale 1:1<\/strong> ti d&agrave; il ritmo e il feedback personalizzato per trasformare ci&ograve; che sai in italiano che parli senza pensarci.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Lezione settimanale 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Lezione settimanale 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Prenota una lezione 1:1 settimanale &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottimo lavoro. Sei pronto\/a per il gruppo.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong> ti porta nell&#8217;italiano vero, al ritmo dei madrelingua.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! Ce l&#8217;hai fatta.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Sei pronto\/a per <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong>, 100% in italiano.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Pick the academic word<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Scholarly Italian uses set verbs: si evince (it is inferred), corrobora \/ avvalora (supports), si prefigge (sets out to), scaturisce (arises). The distractors are slang or wrong collocations out of place in a thesis.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7355\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <ul><li>Da quanto esposto si (becca, evince, azzecca) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(evince)<\/span><\/span> una netta correlazione.<br><br><em>From what has been set out a clear correlation is inferred.<\/em><\/li><li>L'autore (corrobora, aiuta, tiene) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(corrobora)<\/span><\/span> la tesi con numerosi esempi.<br><br><em>The author corroborates the thesis with numerous examples.<\/em><\/li><li>Lo studio (spiattella, sbatte, evidenzia) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(evidenzia)<\/span><\/span> aspetti finora trascurati.<br><br><em>The study highlights hitherto neglected aspects.<\/em><\/li><li>La ricerca si (prefigge, intesta, incaponisce) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(prefigge)<\/span><\/span> di colmare una lacuna.<br><br><em>The research sets out to fill a gap.<\/em><\/li><li>I dati raccolti (rompono, avvalorano, scassano) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(avvalorano)<\/span><\/span> l'ipotesi di partenza.<br><br><em>The collected data substantiate the starting hypothesis.<\/em><\/li><li>Nel presente contributo si (si sbircia, si spia, analizza) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(analizza)<\/span><\/span> il fenomeno migratorio.<br><br><em>In this contribution the migration phenomenon is analysed.<\/em><\/li><li>Le conclusioni (sbucano, scaturiscono, schizzano) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"12\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(scaturiscono)<\/span><\/span> dai dati raccolti.<br><br><em>The conclusions arise from the collected data.<\/em><\/li><li>L'indagine (parte in tromba, scatta, muove) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"5\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(muove)<\/span><\/span> da una domanda precisa.<br><br><em>The investigation proceeds from a precise question.<\/em><\/li><li>Attraverso l'analisi si (perviene, si sbuca, si capita) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(perviene)<\/span><\/span> a una conclusione netta.<br><br><em>Through the analysis one arrives at a clear conclusion.<\/em><\/li><li>Il quadro teorico si (si abbozza, delinea, si butta gi\u00f9) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(delinea)<\/span><\/span> nei primi capitoli.<br><br><em>The theoretical framework is outlined in the first chapters.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>All ten right. You write in academic register.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>da ci\u00f2 si evince; l&#8217;autore corrobora la tesi; la ricerca si prefigge di; le conclusioni scaturiscono dai dati.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Academic prose: si evince, corrobora, avvalora, si prefigge, scaturisce, perviene.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Spot the correct sentence<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>In each group, pick the sentence in academic register.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7356\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Da ci\u00f2 si becca una correlazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Da ci\u00f2 si azzecca una correlazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> Da ci\u00f2 si evince una correlazione.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> L'autore corrobora la tesi.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> L'autore aiuta la tesi con esempi.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> L'autore tiene la tesi con esempi.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> Lo studio spiattella aspetti nuovi.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> Lo studio evidenzia aspetti nuovi.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> Lo studio sbatte aspetti nuovi.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> La ricerca si prefigge di colmare una lacuna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> La ricerca si intesta di colmare una lacuna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> La ricerca si incaponisce di colmare una lacuna.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> Le conclusioni sbucano dai dati.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> Le conclusioni schizzano dai dati.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> Le conclusioni scaturiscono dai dati.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> Si sbuca a una conclusione netta.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> Si perviene a una conclusione netta.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1243_7356\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> Si capita a una conclusione netta.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Six out of six.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Da ci\u00f2 si evince; L&#8217;autore corrobora la tesi; Lo studio evidenzia; La ricerca si prefigge; Le conclusioni scaturiscono; Si perviene a una conclusione.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Academic verbs: si evince, corrobora, evidenzia, si prefigge, scaturisce, perviene.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px 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                  <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_1243',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 1243,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 16,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"615\":10,\"98\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"7355\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":7355,\"catId\":615,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"evince\"],[\"corrobora\"],[\"evidenzia\"],[\"prefigge\"],[\"avvalorano\"],[\"analizza\"],[\"scaturiscono\"],[\"muove\"],[\"perviene\"],[\"delinea\"]]},\"7356\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":7356,\"catId\":98,\"points\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0],\"correct\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:36px;color:#ab2227;margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-family:Georgia,serif\">\u00a7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Six questions about the italian academic register come up in every C1 cohort. The answers below draw on the Treccani entries on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/vocabolario\/nominalizzato\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nominalizzazioni<\/a> and on the vocabolario voice for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/vocabolario\/a-fortiori\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fortiori<\/a>, and on the kind of revision Ottavio would give to Beatrice in a Urbino studio.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-acad-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why does academic Italian sound so noun-heavy?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Because the italian academic register systematically nominalises verbs: analizzare becomes analisi, raccogliere becomes raccolta, classificare becomes classificazione. Treccani notes that this device is very frequent in scientific, bureaucratic and technical writing precisely because using a noun in place of a verb gives the page its impersonal, abstract character. The pay-off is informational density: a single noun phrase can compress what conversation would say in two clauses.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-acad-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is the authorial noi required in an italian thesis?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>In most italian theses, yes. A single author writes nei paragrafi che seguono presenteremo i risultati, not presentero. The authorial noi is participatory rather than majestic: it invites the reader to walk through the argument with the writer. First-person singular is acceptable in a preface or in a methodological note, but the body of an italian tesi expects the inclusive noi as default.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-acad-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When do I use ibid. and when op. cit. in italian footnotes?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Use ibid. when the footnote refers to the same work cited in the immediately preceding footnote, with no other reference in between (Ibid., p. 49). Use op. cit. when at least one different reference has come between two citations of the same work (Beatrice, op. cit., p. 53). Use id. when listing several works by the same author in sequence. Italic and lowercase are mandatory throughout. The italian academic register punishes inconsistent capitalisation in footnotes.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-acad-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Are Latinisms still considered acceptable in italian academic writing?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, but in moderation. Two or three Latinisms per page are tasteful and signal that the writer belongs to an intellectual tradition. Treccani records a fortiori, ceteris paribus, in vitro, status quaestionis, ex ante and ex post as still alive in contemporary scholarly Italian. Overuse turns the page into a parody of nineteenth-century prose; underuse is preferable to misuse.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-acad-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How is the academic register different from burocratese or the language of newspapers?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>All three share nominalisation, the passive and avoidance of the bare verb dire. Burocratese is built for administrative compliance and uses formulae like ai sensi di, codesto ufficio, la Signoria Vostra. Newspaper language is built for compressed reportage and uses datelines, the imperfetto cronistico and acronyms like PM and BCE. The italian academic register is built for peer scrutiny and adds, on top of the shared toolkit, hedging, the authorial noi, the citation apparatus and the Latinisms.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-acad-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I write academic Italian in the first person singular?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>You can, in some humanities essays and in the preface or methodological note of a tesi. The convention varies by dipartimento and by tradition. As a default, however, the italian academic register expects the authorial noi in the body of a thesis and an impersonal voice (si e proceduto, e stato osservato) in scientific writing. When in doubt, check the style sheet of the journal or the dottorato and follow it without improvising.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three guides that pair naturally with the italian academic register, plus the Treccani vocabolario voice on the most iconic Latin connective of the italian academic register.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-authorial-noi\/\">Italian Authorial Noi<\/a>: when a single writer of a thesis uses &#8220;we&#8221; for &#8220;I&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-newspaper-language\/\">Italian Newspaper Language<\/a>: the journalese sister of the academic register, with datelines and the imperfetto cronistico.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-burocratese-decode\/\">Italian Burocratese<\/a>: the bureaucratic sister, with Latinisms and the syntax of administrative compliance.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/vocabolario\/a-fortiori\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani: a fortiori<\/a>: the vocabolario entry on the canonical Latin connective of italian academic argumentation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The italian academic register for C1: nominalisation, passives, the authorial noi, formal connectives, hedging, Latinisms and the cfr.\/ibid. citation apparatus, with a Urbino dialogue.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1867,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60926","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c1","category-lingua","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60926","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60926"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60926\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62291,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60926\/revisions\/62291"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60926"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60926"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}