{"id":60921,"date":"2026-05-27T15:12:26","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T06:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=60921"},"modified":"2026-06-01T17:50:15","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T08:50:15","slug":"italian-pertanto-dunque-ergo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-pertanto-dunque-ergo\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Pertanto, Dunque, Ergo: Drawing Conclusions (C1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> Italian has at least five ways to say &#8220;therefore&#8221;: <em>pertanto<\/em>, <em>dunque<\/em>, <em>ergo<\/em>, <em>quindi<\/em>, <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>. They all draw a conclusion from what came before, but they don&#8217;t share the same register. <em>Pertanto<\/em> belongs to formal writing: judgments, academic articles, ministerial letters. <em>Dunque<\/em> opens lectures and chairs meetings, and also closes a long stretch of reasoning. <em>Ergo<\/em> is a Latin import, half-serious and faintly ironic. <em>Quindi<\/em> and <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> are the everyday workhorses, the ones you actually hear at the bakery and in family group chats. Picking the right one is a question of style more than grammar, and at C1 that style choice is what separates a confident speaker from a fluent one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide unpacks the five most common conclusive connectives in Italian, shows where each one lives on the formality scale, and walks through real examples from legal writing, journalism, academic prose, and ordinary conversation. By the end you&#8217;ll know when <em>pertanto<\/em> sounds right and when it sounds pompous, why a famous philosophical line uses <em>dunque<\/em> and not <em>quindi<\/em>, and how to use <em>ergo<\/em> without sounding like a bad parody of a Latin teacher.<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-pde\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#five-ways\">Five ways to say &#8220;therefore&#8221; in Italian<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#pertanto\">Pertanto: the formal-writing workhorse<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dunque\">Dunque: discourse opener and logical closer<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ergo\">Ergo: the half-ironic Latinism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#quindi-percio\">Quindi and perci\u00f2: the everyday pair<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#position\">Position in the sentence: initial or medial<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#spelling\">A spelling note: pertanto vs per tanto, perci\u00f2 vs per ci\u00f2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#register-map\">A register map for academic and legal writing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: five connectives at a glance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialogue\">Dialogue at the enoteca in Asti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mini-challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"five-ways\">Five ways to say &#8220;therefore&#8221; in Italian<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you skim a Cassazione ruling, the editorial of a national newspaper, and a WhatsApp message from a friend in Asti, you&#8217;ll find the same logical move repeated everywhere: premise, then conclusion. What changes is the word in the middle. Italian offers a small family of conclusive connectives (coordinating conjunctions that mark the second clause as the logical outcome of the first) and the difference between them is almost entirely a question of register. The five you need to control at C1 are <em>pertanto<\/em>, <em>dunque<\/em>, <em>ergo<\/em>, <em>quindi<\/em>, and <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>. Two more, <em>allora<\/em> and <em>per cui<\/em>, sit at the edges and we will touch them in passing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All five carry the same logical content. What differs is the texture of the writing or speech they belong to. A sentence like &#8220;il bilancio non \u00e8 stato approvato, ___ il consiglio decade&#8221; reads completely differently depending on which word you slot in. <em>Quindi<\/em> sounds neutral, almost spoken. <em>Perci\u00f2<\/em> is a touch more elegant. <em>Pertanto<\/em> turns the sentence into a press release. <em>Dunque<\/em> gives it a touch of oratory. <em>Ergo<\/em> turns it into a wink at the reader. Same conclusion, five different rooms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pertanto\">Pertanto: the formal-writing workhorse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you&#8217;ve ever read an Italian court ruling, a university regulation, or a ministerial circular, you&#8217;ve met <em>pertanto<\/em> in its natural habitat. It is the most formal of the family, and it appears overwhelmingly in writing rather than speech. A lawyer dictating a brief will use it without thinking; a friend describing their day at the office will almost never reach for it. The native speaker reflex is clear: <em>pertanto<\/em> belongs to documents.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L&#8217;articolo 7 non si applica al caso in esame; pertanto il marchio resta valido.<\/li>\n<li>Il bilancio non \u00e8 stato approvato entro i termini; pertanto si rende necessaria una nuova convocazione.<\/li>\n<li>I dati raccolti non sono statisticamente significativi. Pertanto le conclusioni dello studio richiedono ulteriori verifiche.<\/li>\n<li>Il candidato non ha presentato la documentazione richiesta. Pertanto la commissione non pu\u00f2 procedere alla valutazione.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice two patterns that recur. First, <em>pertanto<\/em> often appears at the start of a new sentence, after a full stop, when the writer wants to mark the conclusion as a separate logical step. Second, it is preceded by a semicolon or full stop more often than by a comma: the prose is paced, almost legalistic. In academic articles and journalism the same flavor returns. The Treccani <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/vocabolario\/pertanto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vocabolario entry<\/a> notes that <em>pertanto<\/em> is rooted in the formal written tradition, and its compact, single-word elegance is what makes it useful when you don&#8217;t want the slightly conversational tone of <em>quindi<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using <em>pertanto<\/em> in a casual conversation isn&#8217;t wrong, but it sounds the way &#8220;ergo, the cat is on the mat&#8221; sounds in English: someone making a point. Italians notice. A useful test: if the sentence could plausibly appear in <em>La Repubblica<\/em>&#8216;s law page or in a faculty senate minute, <em>pertanto<\/em> fits. If it belongs in a text message, pick <em>quindi<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dunque\">Dunque: discourse opener and logical closer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Dunque<\/em> is the most versatile of the five, and the only one that does two distinct jobs. As a conclusive connective it means &#8220;therefore&#8221; or &#8220;so&#8221;, and it carries a touch more formality than <em>quindi<\/em>: appropriate in academic prose, philosophy, and careful argumentation. But it also functions as a discourse opener, a way to begin a sentence or take the floor that English would render as &#8220;right, then&#8221; or &#8220;well, now&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tutti i testimoni hanno confermato la versione dell&#8217;imputato; dunque la difesa pu\u00f2 chiedere l&#8217;assoluzione.<\/li>\n<li>La temperatura globale \u00e8 in aumento da decenni. Le calotte polari si stanno sciogliendo. Dunque il livello del mare salir\u00e0.<\/li>\n<li>Dunque, professoressa, possiamo iniziare la lezione?<\/li>\n<li>Dunque, vediamo cosa abbiamo concluso finora.<\/li>\n<li>Penso, dunque sono. (Cartesio, nella forma italiana del Cogito)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first two examples show the conclusive use, the kind that closes a chain of reasoning. The third and fourth show the discourse use, where <em>dunque<\/em> opens a sentence almost like a verbal throat-clearing (useful in lectures, meetings, and any context where the speaker is gathering attention before continuing). The fifth is the famous Italian rendering of <em>cogito ergo sum<\/em>: notice that Cartesio&#8217;s Latin <em>ergo<\/em> becomes <em>dunque<\/em>, not <em>quindi<\/em>. That choice is deliberate. <em>Dunque<\/em> carries the philosophical weight; <em>quindi<\/em> would sound flat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One subtlety worth noting. <em>Dunque<\/em> used as a sentence-opener often signals that the speaker is summarizing or recalling, taking stock after a stretch of discussion. A lawyer wrapping up an argument might say &#8220;<em>Dunque, riepilogando\u2026<\/em>&#8220;. A teacher transitioning to a new topic might say &#8220;<em>Dunque, passiamo all&#8217;esercizio successivo<\/em>&#8220;. Both uses are perfectly natural and very common in spoken academic Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-pde-1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task:<\/strong> Decide whether the connective in each sentence works as a conclusive marker, a discourse opener, or both.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dunque, dove eravamo rimasti la settimana scorsa?<\/li>\n<li>Il documento non \u00e8 firmato; pertanto \u00e8 privo di valore legale.<\/li>\n<li>Ha studiato dieci anni in Germania, ergo parla un tedesco impeccabile.<\/li>\n<li>Piove a dirotto, perci\u00f2 prendo l&#8217;ombrello.<\/li>\n<li>Le prove sono insufficienti, dunque il giudice ha assolto l&#8217;imputato.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. <strong>Discourse opener<\/strong>. Dunque resumes a previous conversation, not a logical conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>Conclusive<\/strong>. Formal legal writing, classic pertanto register.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>Conclusive, ironic-erudite<\/strong>. Ergo gives a witty, half-academic flavor.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>Conclusive, neutral<\/strong>. Everyday perci\u00f2: weather causes umbrella.<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>Conclusive, formal<\/strong>. Dunque does the logical work; pertanto would also fit.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ergo\">Ergo: the half-ironic Latinism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ergo<\/em> is the only connective in this group that is not native Italian. It comes straight from Latin, where it means &#8220;therefore&#8221;, and it entered Italian through philosophical and theological writing (Cartesio&#8217;s <em>cogito ergo sum<\/em> being the most quoted example). Today it survives mostly in two contexts: very formal academic prose, where it preserves a philosophical flavor, and ironic or playful speech, where it sounds slightly pedantic on purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ha studiato a Bologna, ergo dovrebbe sapere come funziona la giurisprudenza italiana.<\/li>\n<li>Pioveva, ergo ho dovuto rinunciare alla corsa mattutina.<\/li>\n<li>Il treno era in ritardo, ergo siamo arrivati dopo l&#8217;inizio della conferenza.<\/li>\n<li>L&#8217;imputato era in altro paese al momento del fatto. Ergo non poteva essere il responsabile.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first three sentences would sound completely natural with a slightly raised eyebrow. The speaker is showing off a touch, pulling out a Latin word where Italian has several perfectly serviceable native ones. Italian native speakers use <em>ergo<\/em> this way constantly, especially when making a logical point with a smile. It&#8217;s the verbal equivalent of a wink. The fourth sentence shows the more serious use: in legal or academic argumentation <em>ergo<\/em> can mark a syllogistic conclusion with full gravitas. A philosophy professor laying out a proof might use it without irony at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trap for learners is overusing <em>ergo<\/em>. In spoken Italian it should appear rarely and always with a hint of self-awareness. A learner who sprinkles <em>ergo<\/em> through casual conversation sounds as odd as an English speaker constantly saying &#8220;thus&#8221; or &#8220;hence&#8221; at the dinner table. Save it for the moment when you want to score a small rhetorical point, and have your interlocutor smile at the choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quindi-percio\">Quindi and perci\u00f2: the everyday pair<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These two are the workhorses of ordinary Italian. <em>Quindi<\/em> is the most common conclusive connective in spoken language, fully neutral, usable in almost any register from a child&#8217;s sentence to an academic article. <em>Perci\u00f2<\/em> is its slightly more elegant cousin, a touch more written, but still comfortable in everyday speech. Most Italians use them interchangeably without thinking, though a careful writer will sometimes prefer <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> for variety or to avoid repetition.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Avevo poco tempo, quindi ho preso il taxi.<\/li>\n<li>Avevo poco tempo, perci\u00f2 ho preso il taxi.<\/li>\n<li>Il negozio era chiuso, quindi sono andata a comprare il pane in centro.<\/li>\n<li>Il problema \u00e8 politico, perci\u00f2 esige una soluzione politica.<\/li>\n<li>Stasera piove, quindi rimaniamo a casa.<\/li>\n<li>Non aveva fatto colazione, perci\u00f2 aveva fame gi\u00e0 a met\u00e0 mattina.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fourth sentence (&#8220;il problema \u00e8 politico, perci\u00f2 esige una soluzione politica&#8221;) has the cadence of a newspaper editorial: it could appear in the <em>Corriere della Sera<\/em> opinion page without lifting any eyebrow. Reaching for <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> in writing gives a slightly more polished feel than <em>quindi<\/em> without sounding pompous. The Accademia della Crusca notes that <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> is the standard univerbazione form, and that the separated <em>per ci\u00f2<\/em> survives only with the literal sense &#8220;for that, for the things that&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In speech you&#8217;ll often hear <em>e quindi<\/em> at the start of a sentence: the equivalent of English &#8220;and so&#8221;. It&#8217;s a discourse marker that picks up a previous thread: &#8220;<em>E quindi, alla fine, cosa hai deciso?<\/em>&#8220;. <em>E perci\u00f2<\/em> works similarly but appears far less often in casual speech. If you&#8217;re aiming for natural everyday Italian, default to <em>quindi<\/em>; if you&#8217;re writing and want a small step up, switch to <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"position\">Position in the sentence: initial or medial<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All five connectives can appear either at the start of a sentence (after a full stop) or in the middle (after a comma or semicolon). The position changes the rhythm but not the meaning. Starting a sentence with one of them gives the conclusion more weight, almost a beat of silence before the inference lands. Placing it after a comma keeps the two clauses tightly bound and the reasoning continuous.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Il documento non \u00e8 completo, pertanto deve essere integrato. <em>(medial, single sentence)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il documento non \u00e8 completo. Pertanto deve essere integrato. <em>(initial, two sentences, more emphatic)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Avevo molta fame, quindi sono entrato in pasticceria. <em>(medial, conversational rhythm)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Avevo molta fame. Quindi sono entrato in pasticceria. <em>(initial, almost a narrative beat)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One small caveat: <em>per cui<\/em>, the colloquial cousin of <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>, can only appear at the start of a clause, never standalone at the head of a sentence. You can say &#8220;<em>nessuno mi aveva avvertito, per cui sono uscito senza ombrello<\/em>&#8220;, but not &#8220;<em>Nessuno mi aveva avvertito. Per cui sono uscito senza ombrello<\/em>&#8220;: that second form sounds wrong to most native ears. <em>Pertanto<\/em>, <em>dunque<\/em>, <em>quindi<\/em>, <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>, and <em>ergo<\/em> have no such restriction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"spelling\">A spelling note: pertanto vs per tanto, perci\u00f2 vs per ci\u00f2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two of these connectives have a tricky written form because they look like two separate words glued together. The conclusive connective is always written as one word: <em>pertanto<\/em>, <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>. The separated forms <em>per tanto<\/em> and <em>per ci\u00f2<\/em> still exist in Italian, but they mean something different.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pertanto la decisione \u00e8 confermata. <em>(conclusive: therefore)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Per tanto tempo ho aspettato una risposta. <em>(per tanto tempo = for so long, two separate words)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Perci\u00f2 ho deciso di partire. <em>(conclusive: therefore, that&#8217;s why)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ti ringrazio per ci\u00f2 che hai fatto. <em>(per ci\u00f2 che = for what, two separate words)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/dunque\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani enciclopedia<\/a> describes this distinction as a case of <em>univerbazione<\/em>: two originally separate words that have fused into one over centuries of use. Confusing the two forms is one of the most common spelling slips even among educated native speakers, especially under time pressure. When in doubt, ask whether the word means &#8220;therefore&#8221; (one word) or &#8220;for so much \/ for that&#8221; (two words).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"register-map\">A register map for academic and legal writing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you&#8217;re writing a thesis, a legal opinion, or a journalistic feature, the choice among these five connectives is partly a style signature. A few practical guidelines, drawn from native usage in real Italian texts.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Legal writing<\/strong> (court decisions, contracts, ministerial documents) leans heavily on <em>pertanto<\/em>. <em>Dunque<\/em> appears too, especially in motivations where the judge is laying out reasoning. <em>Quindi<\/em> and <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> are rare. <em>Ergo<\/em> hardly ever appears.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Academic writing<\/strong> in humanities and social sciences uses <em>pertanto<\/em>, <em>dunque<\/em>, and <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> roughly in that order of frequency. <em>Quindi<\/em> appears but signals a slightly more conversational register. <em>Ergo<\/em> shows up in philosophy and logic, where it has a real technical home.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Journalism<\/strong> mixes registers depending on the section. The editorial page favors <em>pertanto<\/em> and <em>dunque<\/em>; news reporting is comfortable with <em>quindi<\/em> and <em>perci\u00f2<\/em>; opinion columnists occasionally deploy <em>ergo<\/em> for stylistic effect.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spoken academic Italian<\/strong> (lectures, conference talks, oral exams) favors <em>dunque<\/em> as a discourse marker and <em>quindi<\/em> as the actual logical connector. <em>Pertanto<\/em> in a lecture sounds slightly pompous unless the speaker is reading from notes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Everyday speech<\/strong> uses <em>quindi<\/em> overwhelmingly, with <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> as a second choice. The rest are reserved for moments of higher formality or deliberate stylistic effect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A useful exercise for C1 learners: take any paragraph you&#8217;ve written in Italian, find every <em>quindi<\/em>, and ask whether one of the alternatives would fit better. Often the answer is no, and <em>quindi<\/em> stays. But occasionally a <em>pertanto<\/em> or a <em>dunque<\/em> will give a sentence a touch more authority, and that is how a native ear hears the difference between competent and elegant Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: five connectives at a glance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A side-by-side comparison of the five conclusive connectives, with their typical register, position habits, and the contexts where each one shines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Connective<\/th><th>Register<\/th><th>Best contexts<\/th><th>Sample line<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>pertanto<\/td><td>Formal written<\/td><td>Legal, academic, ministerial<\/td><td>Pertanto la sentenza \u00e8 confermata.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>dunque<\/td><td>Formal to neutral<\/td><td>Academic, philosophical, oratory; also discourse opener<\/td><td>Penso, dunque sono.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>ergo<\/td><td>Latinism, ironic or technical<\/td><td>Philosophy, logic, witty speech<\/td><td>Pioveva, ergo niente corsa.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>perci\u00f2<\/td><td>Neutral, slightly written<\/td><td>Journalism, polished speech, essays<\/td><td>Il problema \u00e8 politico, perci\u00f2 esige una soluzione politica.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>quindi<\/td><td>Neutral, everyday<\/td><td>Spoken Italian, casual writing, messages<\/td><td>Avevo fame, quindi sono entrato in pasticceria.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialogue\">Dialogue at the enoteca in Asti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gemma is an apprentice journalist at a Piemonte daily, covering a long-running trademark dispute about a famous Barbera d&#8217;Asti producer. Pietro is the lawyer representing the producers&#8217; consortium. They meet at an enoteca in the centre of Asti to go over the ruling that has just come out, and naturally end up tasting a few wines while they talk. The dialogue shows the five connectives in a range that goes from courtroom formality to relaxed irony.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dlg-pde\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Gemma:<\/strong> Allora avvocato, ha letto la motivazione integrale?<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> S\u00ec, l&#8217;ho letta stamattina. Dunque, il giudice ha riconosciuto la priorit\u00e0 del marchio collettivo; pertanto il ricorso della controparte \u00e8 stato respinto su tutti i punti.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Gemma:<\/strong> Perfetto, quindi i produttori del consorzio possono continuare a usare la denominazione senza limitazioni.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Esatto. La sentenza \u00e8 ben argomentata, perci\u00f2 difficilmente sar\u00e0 ribaltata in appello.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Gemma:<\/strong> E sul piano economico? Il consorzio aveva chiesto un risarcimento.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Il danno \u00e8 stato quantificato in centomila euro. Pertanto la controparte dovr\u00e0 versare la somma entro novanta giorni, salvo ricorso.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Gemma:<\/strong> E lei pensa che faranno ricorso?<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Hanno perso in primo grado con motivazione molto netta, ergo un appello costerebbe caro senza grandi speranze di successo. Ma con i loro avvocati non si sa mai.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Gemma:<\/strong> (sorride) Dunque, brindiamo a questa vittoria. Cosa mi consiglia?<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Visto che siamo ad Asti, direi un Barbera Superiore. \u00c8 un&#8217;annata che si \u00e8 espressa molto bene, quindi vale la pena assaggiarla.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Gemma:<\/strong> Va bene. E mentre aspettiamo, mi spieghi una cosa: perch\u00e9 nella sentenza il giudice scrive &#8220;pertanto&#8221; cinque volte e mai &#8220;quindi&#8221;?<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Perch\u00e9 &#8220;quindi&#8221; suona da bar, e una sentenza non si scrive al bar. Pertanto e dunque danno il tono giusto. Ergo, se vuole scrivere un pezzo che sembri serio, eviti &#8220;quindi&#8221; nei passaggi cruciali.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Gemma:<\/strong> Annoto. Per il titolo dell&#8217;articolo, perci\u00f2, posso scrivere &#8220;Consorzio vince in tribunale&#8221;?<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Direi pi\u00f9 &#8220;Consorzio Barbera d&#8217;Asti: respinto il ricorso&#8221;. \u00c8 pi\u00f9 preciso e fa giurisprudenza. Dunque vende meglio il pezzo.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice the careful distribution: Pietro the lawyer uses <em>pertanto<\/em> and <em>dunque<\/em> when describing the ruling, switches to <em>quindi<\/em> and <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> when the conversation turns informal, and drops <em>ergo<\/em> as a small witty flourish at the end. Gemma the journalist uses <em>quindi<\/em> and <em>perci\u00f2<\/em> in her side of the conversation, with one <em>dunque<\/em> when she raises her glass: that small register shift is exactly the kind of style awareness a C1 speaker develops.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-pde-2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge:<\/strong> Choose the most appropriate connective for each register and context.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(Court ruling) Le prove documentali sono insufficienti, ___ il ricorso \u00e8 respinto.<\/li>\n<li>(Text message to a friend) Sono in ritardo, ___ inizia pure senza di me.<\/li>\n<li>(Philosophy lecture) Tutti gli uomini sono mortali, Socrate \u00e8 un uomo, ___ Socrate \u00e8 mortale.<\/li>\n<li>(Newspaper editorial) Il sistema scolastico \u00e8 in crisi da anni, ___ servono riforme strutturali.<\/li>\n<li>(Casual conversation) Stasera piove, ___ non esco.<\/li>\n<li>(Witty academic remark) Hanno bocciato l&#8217;emendamento, ___ ricominciamo da capo.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. <strong>pertanto<\/strong>: formal legal register, the standard choice in court documents.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>quindi<\/strong>: everyday speech, the only natural fit in a text message.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>dunque<\/strong> (or <strong>ergo<\/strong>): classical syllogism; ergo is more technical, dunque more flowing.<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>pertanto<\/strong> or <strong>perci\u00f2<\/strong>: editorial register; pertanto sounds more authoritative.<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>quindi<\/strong>: neutral, conversational; perci\u00f2 would also work but feels slightly written.<\/p>\n<p>6. <strong>ergo<\/strong>: the ironic-academic flourish; perfect for a witty remark in faculty conversation.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take the quiz below to test what you&#8217;ve learned about <em>pertanto, dunque, ergo<\/em> and the rest of the conclusive family.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-pde\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_1238\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. 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             <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"610\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Drawing a conclusion in formal prose<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"98\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Spot the correct sentence<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Rinforziamo le basi su questo argomento.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Un <strong>Pacchetto da 10 Lezioni<\/strong> ti d&agrave; dieci sessioni di 55 minuti con un insegnante madrelingua, ai tuoi tempi.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Pacchetto 10 Lezioni<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Pacchetto 10 Lezioni\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri il Pacchetto 10 Lezioni &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottima base. Costruiamoci sopra.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Una <strong>lezione settimanale 1:1<\/strong> ti d&agrave; il ritmo e il feedback personalizzato per trasformare ci&ograve; che sai in italiano che parli senza pensarci.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Lezione settimanale 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Lezione settimanale 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Prenota una lezione 1:1 settimanale &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottimo lavoro. Sei pronto\/a per il gruppo.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong> ti porta nell&#8217;italiano vero, al ritmo dei madrelingua.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! Ce l&#8217;hai fatta.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Sei pronto\/a per <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong>, 100% in italiano.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Pick the connective that means &#8216;therefore&#8217;<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>pertanto introduces a logical consequence: la prova \u00e8 schiacciante, pertanto \u00e8 colpevole. The distractors tuttavia (however) and nondimeno (nonetheless) signal contrast, not consequence.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7345\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <ul><li>La prova \u00e8 schiacciante; (tuttavia, pertanto, nondimeno) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> l'imputato \u00e8 colpevole.<br><br><em>The evidence is overwhelming; therefore the defendant is guilty.<\/em><\/li><li>I dati sono incompleti; (pertanto, tuttavia, invece) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> l'analisi va rifatta.<br><br><em>The data are incomplete; therefore the analysis must be redone.<\/em><\/li><li>Il contratto \u00e8 scaduto; (tuttavia, piuttosto, pertanto) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> non \u00e8 pi\u00f9 valido.<br><br><em>The contract has expired; therefore it is no longer valid.<\/em><\/li><li>Le condizioni sono mutate; (pertanto, tuttavia, invece) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> rivediamo l'accordo.<br><br><em>Conditions have changed; therefore let us revise the agreement.<\/em><\/li><li>Mancano i fondi; (tuttavia, pertanto, nondimeno) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> il progetto \u00e8 sospeso.<br><br><em>Funds are lacking; therefore the project is suspended.<\/em><\/li><li>La domanda \u00e8 incompleta; (tuttavia, piuttosto, pertanto) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> verr\u00e0 respinta.<br><br><em>The application is incomplete; therefore it will be rejected.<\/em><\/li><li>Il termine \u00e8 ormai scaduto; (tuttavia, pertanto, invece) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> non si accettano ricorsi.<br><br><em>The deadline has now passed; therefore no appeals are accepted.<\/em><\/li><li>Le premesse sono false; (tuttavia, nondimeno, pertanto) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> la conclusione non regge.<br><br><em>The premises are false; therefore the conclusion does not hold.<\/em><\/li><li>Il rischio \u00e8 elevato; (pertanto, tuttavia, piuttosto) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> si impongono cautele.<br><br><em>The risk is high; therefore precautions are required.<\/em><\/li><li>La norma \u00e8 chiara; (tuttavia, pertanto, invece) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(pertanto)<\/span><\/span> va applicata senza indugio.<br><br><em>The rule is clear; therefore it must be applied without delay.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>All ten right. You draw conclusions with pertanto.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>la prova \u00e8 schiacciante, pertanto \u00e8 colpevole; i dati sono incompleti, pertanto va rifatto; il termine \u00e8 scaduto, pertanto si respinge.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>If the second clause follows logically from the first, the link is pertanto; tuttavia\/nondimeno\/invece signal a contrast.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Spot the correct sentence<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>In each group, pick the connective that draws a conclusion.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7346\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> La prova \u00e8 schiacciante, tuttavia \u00e8 colpevole.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> La prova \u00e8 schiacciante, nondimeno \u00e8 colpevole.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> La prova \u00e8 schiacciante, pertanto \u00e8 colpevole.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> I dati sono incompleti, pertanto si rif\u00e0.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> I dati sono incompleti, tuttavia si rif\u00e0.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> I dati sono incompleti, invece si rif\u00e0.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> Il contratto \u00e8 scaduto, tuttavia non vale.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> Il contratto \u00e8 scaduto, pertanto non vale.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> Il contratto \u00e8 scaduto, piuttosto non vale.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> Mancano i fondi, pertanto si sospende.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> Mancano i fondi, tuttavia si sospende.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> Mancano i fondi, nondimeno si sospende.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> Le premesse sono false, tuttavia non regge.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> Le premesse sono false, invece non regge.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> Le premesse sono false, pertanto non regge.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> La norma \u00e8 chiara, tuttavia si applica.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> La norma \u00e8 chiara, pertanto si applica.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1238_7346\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> La norma \u00e8 chiara, piuttosto si applica.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Six out of six.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>La prova \u00e8 schiacciante, pertanto \u00e8 colpevole; I dati sono incompleti, pertanto si rif\u00e0; Il contratto \u00e8 scaduto, pertanto non vale; Mancano i fondi, pertanto si sospende; Le premesse sono false, pertanto non regge; La norma \u00e8 chiara, pertanto si applica.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>pertanto = therefore (consequence); tuttavia\/nondimeno\/invece signal a contrast.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_1238',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 1238,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 16,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"610\":10,\"98\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"7345\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":7345,\"catId\":610,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"],[\"pertanto\"]]},\"7346\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":7346,\"catId\":98,\"points\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0],\"correct\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These questions about Italian conclusive connectives come from real conversations among advanced learners and from native-speaker forums. The institutional reference for register and orthography is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/dunque\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani enciclopedia entry on dunque<\/a> and related vocabolario pages.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-pde-q1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the difference between pertanto and quindi in Italian?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>They mean the same thing but belong to different registers. Pertanto is formal and almost exclusively written: you find it in court rulings, academic articles, ministerial documents. Quindi is the everyday word, the one Italians use in speech and casual writing. Using pertanto in a text message sounds pompous; using quindi in a legal opinion sounds careless. At C1 the test is simple: if the sentence could appear in La Repubblica&#8217;s law page, pertanto fits. If it belongs in a WhatsApp message, pick quindi.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pde-q2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I start a sentence with dunque in Italian?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, and Italians do it constantly. Dunque at the start of a sentence serves two distinct functions. As a discourse opener it means something like &#8216;right, then&#8217; or &#8216;well, now&#8217;: Dunque, professoressa, possiamo iniziare? As a conclusive marker after a stretch of reasoning, it means &#8216;therefore&#8217; and can stand alone after a full stop: Le prove sono insufficienti. Dunque il giudice ha assolto l&#8217;imputato. Both uses are perfectly natural, especially in spoken academic and professional Italian.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pde-q3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is ergo really used in Italian or is it only Latin?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is genuinely used in Italian, mostly in two contexts. In philosophy and formal logic it carries technical weight: the Italian translation of cogito ergo sum keeps the Latin word alongside the native dunque. In ordinary speech ergo is a witty flourish, faintly pedantic on purpose, the verbal equivalent of a raised eyebrow: ha studiato a Bologna, ergo dovrebbe saperlo. Overusing ergo in casual conversation sounds odd, but a well-placed one signals stylistic awareness.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pde-q4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Pertanto or per tanto: one word or two?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>As a conclusive connective meaning &#8216;therefore&#8217; it is always written as one word, pertanto. The Accademia della Crusca and the Treccani vocabolario describe this as univerbazione, the fusion of two originally separate words into one over centuries of use. The separated form per tanto still exists but means &#8216;for so much&#8217; or &#8216;for so long&#8217; in expressions like per tanto tempo. The same logic applies to perci\u00f2 vs per ci\u00f2: perci\u00f2 is the connective, per ci\u00f2 means &#8216;for the thing that&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pde-q5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why does Cartesio&#8217;s cogito use dunque and not quindi?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Because dunque carries philosophical and rhetorical weight that quindi lacks. The Italian rendering Penso, dunque sono preserves the gravity of the original Latin cogito ergo sum. Quindi would sound flat, almost casual, and would clash with the philosophical weight of the statement. Many famous quotations in Italian use dunque or perci\u00f2 rather than quindi for the same reason: register matters even when the logical content is identical. This is one of the clearest examples of how Italian distinguishes meaning from style.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pde-q6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do I choose between perci\u00f2 and pertanto in writing?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Both belong to written Italian, but perci\u00f2 sits closer to the middle of the register scale while pertanto sits at the top. Perci\u00f2 is comfortable in journalism, essays, polished blog posts, careful emails: il problema \u00e8 politico, perci\u00f2 esige una soluzione politica. Pertanto belongs to documents that carry institutional or legal authority: rulings, regulations, formal letters. A useful rule of thumb: if you are arguing as a citizen or a professional, perci\u00f2 usually fits. If you are arguing as an institution or a legal authority, pertanto is the natural choice.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-connettivi-connectors\/\">Italian Connettivi: Connectors by Function and Register<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-tuttavia-nondimeno\/\">Italian Tuttavia, Nondimeno, Ciononostante: Adversatives<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-tricky-adverbs\/\">Italian Tricky Adverbs: Ancora, Appena, Cio\u00e8, Come, Ecco, Insomma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/vocabolario\/dunque\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani vocabolario: dunque<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How to use pertanto, dunque, ergo, quindi and perci\u00f2 in Italian. A C1 guide to register, position and style for academic, legal and journalistic writing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1867,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60921","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c1","category-lingua","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60921","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60921"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60921\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62184,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60921\/revisions\/62184"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60921"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60921"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60921"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}