{"id":60854,"date":"2026-05-28T07:50:20","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T22:50:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=60854"},"modified":"2026-06-01T09:02:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T00:02:17","slug":"italian-predict-irregular-conjugation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-predict-irregular-conjugation\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Irregular Verbs: Predict from the Infinitive (B1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> If you learn to <strong>italian predict irregular verbs<\/strong> from their infinitive, the whole verb system stops feeling like a memory game. <em>Bere<\/em> is really <em>bevere<\/em> in disguise, so the whole paradigm uses <em>bev-<\/em>: <em>bevo, bevevo, bevuto<\/em>. Verbs in <em>-arre, -orre, -urre<\/em> (like <em>trarre, porre, condurre<\/em>) are contracted infinitives that hide a longer Latin stem: <em>tra(h)-, pon-, duc-<\/em>. Once you know the trick, you can italian predict irregular verbs in their present, imperfect, future, past participle and even their compounds (<em>supporre, comporre, tradurre, introdurre<\/em>) on first sight. This B1 guide shows you how to italian predict irregular verbs from the infinitive, with a cheat sheet, two mini-tasks, a Trapani salt-pans dialogue, and a quiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the end you&#8217;ll stop memorising tables verb by verb and start reading infinitives like a native: with a small map in your head that turns &#8220;irregular&#8221; into &#8220;predictable, once you know the family&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-pred\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#why-predict\">Why you can predict italian irregular verbs at all<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bere\">Bere: the verb that&#8217;s really bevere<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#arre\">The -arre family: trarre and its cousins<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#orre\">The -orre family: porre, supporre, comporre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#urre\">The -urre family: condurre, tradurre, produrre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dire-fare\">Dire and fare: the same trick, older form<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#imperfect-rule\">The single most useful rule for the imperfect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#past-participle\">Predicting the past participle: -atto, -osto, -otto<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#future-stem\">The future stem of bere, vivere, venire<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#compounds\">One family, dozens of verbs: the compound bonus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialogue\">Dialogue at the Trapani salt pans<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mini-challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-predict\">Why you can italian predict irregular verbs at all<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Open any verb table and Italian looks like a minefield: <em>bevo<\/em> from <em>bere<\/em>, <em>pongo<\/em> from <em>porre<\/em>, <em>traduco<\/em> from <em>tradurre<\/em>, <em>traggo<\/em> from <em>trarre<\/em>. The shapes don&#8217;t seem to match the infinitive. The good news, and the heart of this guide on how to italian predict irregular verbs, is that almost all of these &#8220;irregular&#8221; shapes follow a small set of historical patterns. The modern infinitive is a contracted form, and the conjugation simply preserves the older, longer stem the speakers of Dante&#8217;s time still used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once you know the trick, you can italian predict irregular verbs as a system rather than a random list. You learn one family, and a whole crowd of compounds comes along for free. Learn <em>porre<\/em> and you&#8217;ve also learned <em>comporre, supporre, proporre, opporre, esporre, imporre, disporre<\/em>. Learn <em>condurre<\/em> and you&#8217;ve learned <em>tradurre, produrre, ridurre, sedurre, dedurre, introdurre<\/em>. The skill is recognising the family from the ending: <em>-arre, -orre, -urre<\/em>. After that, the conjugation runs on autopilot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this guide we&#8217;ll look at the four big infinitive shapes that let you italian predict irregular verbs on sight: <em>bere<\/em> as a one-off contraction, then the <em>-arre, -orre, -urre<\/em> families, then <em>dire<\/em> and <em>fare<\/em> as honorary members. Each one becomes easy once you mentally rebuild the longer infinitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bere\">Bere: the verb that&#8217;s really bevere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of all the italian irregular verbs you might want to italian predict irregular verbs from, <em>bere<\/em> is the friendliest puzzle. The infinitive looks like a bare three-letter word, but the conjugation throws a <em>-v-<\/em> at you everywhere. <em>Bevo, bevi, beve, beviamo, bevete, bevono<\/em>. <em>Bevevo, bevuto, bever\u00f2<\/em>. Why the v?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because the older Italian infinitive was <em>bevere<\/em>, which itself comes from the Latin <em>bibere<\/em>. Dante and Boccaccio still wrote <em>bevere<\/em>, and several southern dialects keep that older form today. At some point the modern infinitive lost its middle <em>-ve-<\/em> for ease of pronunciation, but the rest of the paradigm held on to the older stem. So the trick is simple: when you see <em>bere<\/em>, mentally replace it with <em>bevere<\/em> and conjugate it as a regular second-conjugation verb. The forms fall into place.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Adelaide beve un caff\u00e8 freddo guardando i fenicotteri sopra le vasche delle saline.<br><em>Adelaide drinks a cold coffee while watching the flamingos above the salt pans.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Da piccoli bevevamo l&#8217;acqua della fontana di Piazza Saturno senza pensarci due volte.<br><em>When we were little we used to drink water from the fountain in Piazza Saturno without thinking twice.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Severino ha bevuto tre bicchieri di passito di Pantelleria al matrimonio del cugino.<br><em>Severino drank three glasses of passito di Pantelleria at his cousin&#8217;s wedding.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same rebuild works for the future: <em>bere<\/em> would seem to give <em>berer\u00f2<\/em>, but the actual form is <em>berr\u00f2<\/em>, with double <em>r<\/em>. This belongs to a small group of irregular forms whose future stem doubles the <em>r<\/em>, and it&#8217;s another spot where you can italian predict irregular verbs once you know the shortcut: <em>bere \u2192 berr\u00f2<\/em>, <em>venire \u2192 verr\u00f2<\/em>, <em>tenere \u2192 terr\u00f2<\/em>, <em>volere \u2192 vorr\u00f2<\/em>, <em>parere \u2192 parr\u00f2<\/em>. Different verbs, same shortcut: drop the <em>e<\/em> before <em>-r\u00f2<\/em>, and let the consonants slide together into a doubled <em>r<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"arre\">The -arre family: trarre and its cousins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The verb <em>trarre<\/em> (to draw, to pull, to derive) is the head of a small but important family that lets you italian predict irregular verbs in one shot. Its infinitive ends in <em>-arre<\/em>, which is the giveaway: any verb ending in <em>-arre<\/em> follows the same template. The underlying stem is <em>tra-<\/em> (from Latin <em>trahere<\/em>), and it picks up a doubled <em>-gg-<\/em> in the first-person singular and third-person plural of the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\" wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Person<\/th><th>trarre (present)<\/th><th>Translation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>io<\/td><td>traggo<\/td><td>I draw \/ I pull<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>tu<\/td><td>trai<\/td><td>you draw<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>lui \/ lei<\/td><td>trae<\/td><td>he \/ she draws<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>noi<\/td><td>traiamo<\/td><td>we draw<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>voi<\/td><td>traete<\/td><td>you (pl.) draw<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>loro<\/td><td>traggono<\/td><td>they draw<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The list of compounds gives you a lot of mileage for one rule: <em>attrarre<\/em> (attract), <em>distrarre<\/em> (distract), <em>estrarre<\/em> (extract), <em>contrarre<\/em> (contract), <em>sottrarre<\/em> (subtract), <em>protrarre<\/em> (prolong), <em>ritrarre<\/em> (portray, retract). Every one of them sits on the same paradigm. Learn <em>traggo, trai, trae, traiamo, traete, traggono<\/em> once, and you can immediately produce <em>estraggo, estrai, estrae<\/em> and <em>contraggo, contrai, contrae<\/em> without consulting a table.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Adelaide trae ispirazione dai mulini a vento delle saline per la sua nuova serie di acquerelli.<br><em>Adelaide draws inspiration from the windmills of the salt pans for her new watercolour series.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il museo estrae i blocchi di sale dalle vasche pi\u00f9 vecchie soltanto a fine agosto.<br><em>The museum extracts the salt blocks from the oldest pans only at the end of August.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Severino, mi distrai mentre cerco di leggere il pannello sui pesci della tonnara!<br><em>Severino, you&#8217;re distracting me while I&#8217;m trying to read the panel about the tuna trap&#8217;s fish!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-pred-1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task #1.<\/strong> Predict the io and loro present forms of these compound verbs.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>estrarre<\/em> (to extract): io ___, loro ___<\/li>\n<li><em>sottrarre<\/em> (to subtract): io ___, loro ___<\/li>\n<li><em>attrarre<\/em> (to attract): io ___, loro ___<\/li>\n<li><em>contrarre<\/em> (to contract): io ___, loro ___<\/li>\n<li><em>distrarre<\/em> (to distract): io ___, loro ___<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <strong>estraggo, estraggono<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>sottraggo, sottraggono<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>attraggo, attraggono<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>contraggo, contraggono<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>distraggo, distraggono<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Every -arre verb takes the same -ggo \/ -ggono shape in the present, because they all share the underlying stem and the compound doesn&#8217;t change the paradigm.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"orre\">The -orre family: porre, supporre, comporre<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Next in our tour of how to italian predict irregular verbs are the <em>-orre<\/em> verbs. The head of the family is <em>porre<\/em> (to place, to put), from the Latin <em>ponere<\/em>. Once you see that the hidden stem is <em>pon-<\/em>, every &#8220;irregular&#8221; form turns into a plain second-conjugation pattern in disguise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Person<\/th><th>porre (present)<\/th><th>Translation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>io<\/td><td>pongo<\/td><td>I place<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>tu<\/td><td>poni<\/td><td>you place<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>lui \/ lei<\/td><td>pone<\/td><td>he \/ she places<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>noi<\/td><td>poniamo<\/td><td>we place<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>voi<\/td><td>ponete<\/td><td>you (pl.) place<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>loro<\/td><td>pongono<\/td><td>they place<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pattern that lets you italian predict irregular verbs in this family is on full display: the first-person singular and third-person plural get a velar <em>-g-<\/em> inserted before the ending (<em>pongo, pongono<\/em>), exactly like <em>vengo \/ vengono<\/em>, <em>tengo \/ tengono<\/em>, <em>rimango \/ rimangono<\/em>. Everywhere else, the stem is plainly <em>pon-<\/em>: <em>pone, poniamo, ponete<\/em>. The infinitive <em>porre<\/em> is the only place where the old <em>-n-<\/em> dropped and the two <em>-r-<\/em>s collided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The compound bonus here is huge. Each of these verbs follows the <em>porre<\/em> paradigm without exception: <em>comporre<\/em> (compose), <em>supporre<\/em> (suppose), <em>proporre<\/em> (propose), <em>opporre<\/em> (oppose), <em>imporre<\/em> (impose), <em>esporre<\/em> (expose, exhibit), <em>disporre<\/em> (arrange), <em>posporre<\/em> (postpone), <em>sovrapporre<\/em> (superimpose), <em>presupporre<\/em> (presuppose). That&#8217;s ten verbs for the price of one.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Severino pone la macchina fotografica sul muretto bianco prima di scattare la foto al tramonto.<br><em>Severino places his camera on the white wall before taking the sunset photo.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il direttore del museo propone una mostra dedicata al corallo trapanese per la prossima primavera.<br><em>The museum director is proposing an exhibition on Trapani coral for next spring.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Adelaide e Severino hanno composto un piccolo album di foto da regalare ai cugini di Modena.<br><em>Adelaide and Severino have put together a small photo album to give to their cousins in Modena.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Suppongo che la guida del museo parli anche francese, viste le comitive in arrivo.<br><em>I suppose the museum guide also speaks French, given the groups arriving.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"urre\">The -urre family: condurre, tradurre, produrre<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>-urre<\/em> verbs are the largest and most useful subgroup when you italian predict irregular verbs at B1. They all come from the Latin family of <em>ducere<\/em>, and the hidden stem is <em>-duc-<\/em>. Modern Italian dropped the <em>-de-<\/em> in the infinitive but kept the <em>-duc-<\/em> everywhere else. So <em>condurre<\/em> is morphologically <em>conducere<\/em>, and the present is built on <em>conduc-<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Person<\/th><th>condurre (present)<\/th><th>Translation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>io<\/td><td>conduco<\/td><td>I lead \/ I drive<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>tu<\/td><td>conduci<\/td><td>you lead<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>lui \/ lei<\/td><td>conduce<\/td><td>he \/ she leads<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>noi<\/td><td>conduciamo<\/td><td>we lead<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>voi<\/td><td>conducete<\/td><td>you (pl.) lead<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>loro<\/td><td>conducono<\/td><td>they lead<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spelling has a small twist worth flagging: the <em>c<\/em> of <em>-duc-<\/em> is hard before <em>o<\/em> and <em>a<\/em> (<em>conduco, conducono, conducano<\/em>) and soft before <em>i<\/em> and <em>e<\/em> (<em>conduci, conduce, conducete, conduciamo<\/em>). It&#8217;s the same orthographic switch you already know from <em>cucinare<\/em> or <em>vincere<\/em>. The phonetics is regular, the spelling just has to track the sound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compounds in <em>-urre<\/em> are everywhere in everyday Italian, and they all conjugate exactly like <em>condurre<\/em>: <em>tradurre<\/em> (translate, <em>traduco, traduce, traducono<\/em>), <em>produrre<\/em> (produce, <em>produco, produce, producono<\/em>), <em>ridurre<\/em> (reduce), <em>sedurre<\/em> (seduce), <em>dedurre<\/em> (deduce), <em>indurre<\/em> (induce), <em>introdurre<\/em> (introduce, lead in), <em>riprodurre<\/em> (reproduce). Memorise one and you&#8217;ve got the whole set.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Severino traduce per i turisti tedeschi le spiegazioni del salinaro sulla raccolta del sale.<br><em>Severino translates the salt-worker&#8217;s explanations about salt harvesting for the German tourists.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Domani conduciamo i ragazzi della scuola al Museo della Tonnara di Bonagia per la visita guidata.<br><em>Tomorrow we&#8217;re taking the school kids to the Bonagia Tuna Museum for the guided tour.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>La cooperativa di Nubia produce ancora il sale a mano, senza macchinari moderni.<br><em>The Nubia cooperative still produces salt by hand, with no modern machinery.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Le piogge di marzo riducono la concentrazione di sale nelle vasche pi\u00f9 esterne.<br><em>The March rains reduce the salt concentration in the outermost pans.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dire-fare\">Dire and fare: the same trick, older form<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two of the most common irregular forms work on exactly the same principle as <em>bere<\/em>, and they let you italian predict irregular verbs through the same rebuild-the-Latin-stem trick: <em>dire<\/em> and <em>fare<\/em>. Both look short and rebellious, but their conjugations are built on a longer Latin stem that the speakers never gave up. The modern infinitives are contractions of <em>dicere<\/em> and <em>facere<\/em>, and that&#8217;s where the <em>-c-<\/em> in <em>dico, dici, dice<\/em> and the <em>-acc-<\/em> in <em>faccio<\/em> come from.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Dire<\/em> \u2192 underlying <em>dicere<\/em> \u2192 <em>dico, dici, dice, diciamo, dite, dicono<\/em> \u00b7 imperfetto <em>dicevo<\/em> \u00b7 participio <em>detto<\/em> \u00b7 futuro <em>dir\u00f2<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Fare<\/em> \u2192 underlying <em>facere<\/em> \u2192 <em>faccio, fai, fa, facciamo, fate, fanno<\/em> \u00b7 imperfetto <em>facevo<\/em> \u00b7 participio <em>fatto<\/em> \u00b7 futuro <em>far\u00f2<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bonus, again, is the compounds. <em>Dire<\/em> shares its paradigm with <em>disdire<\/em> (cancel), <em>contraddire<\/em> (contradict), <em>predire<\/em> (predict), <em>maledire<\/em> (curse), <em>benedire<\/em> (bless). <em>Fare<\/em> covers <em>rifare<\/em> (redo), <em>disfare<\/em> (undo), <em>soddisfare<\/em> (satisfy), <em>contraffare<\/em> (counterfeit). All of them rebuild as <em>dic-<\/em> and <em>fac-<\/em> wherever the action of the verb shows up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"imperfect-rule\">The single most useful rule for the imperfect<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you remember one thing from this guide on how to italian predict irregular verbs, make it this: <strong>the imperfect stem is the same as the second-person plural of the present.<\/strong> Take <em>voi<\/em> in the present, drop the <em>-te<\/em>, add the imperfect endings <em>-vo, -vi, -va, -vamo, -vate, -vano<\/em>. It works for almost every irregular verb you&#8217;ll meet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Infinitive<\/th><th>voi present<\/th><th>Imperfect (io)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>bere<\/td><td>bevete<\/td><td>bevevo<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>trarre<\/td><td>traete<\/td><td>traevo<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>porre<\/td><td>ponete<\/td><td>ponevo<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>condurre<\/td><td>conducete<\/td><td>conducevo<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>tradurre<\/td><td>traducete<\/td><td>traducevo<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>dire<\/td><td>dite<\/td><td>dicevo *<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>fare<\/td><td>fate<\/td><td>facevo *<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">* The two exceptions are <em>dire<\/em> and <em>fare<\/em>: the imperfect uses the longer Latin stem (<em>dicevo, facevo<\/em>), not the short <em>dite, fate<\/em>. Treat them as a small detour, then come back to the main rule for everything else.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Quando ero piccolo, mio nonno mi conduceva al Museo del Sale di Nubia ogni sabato pomeriggio.<br><em>When I was little, my grandfather would take me to the Nubia Salt Museum every Saturday afternoon.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>I salinari traevano il sale a mano con pale di legno fino agli anni Sessanta.<br><em>The salt-workers used to draw the salt by hand with wooden shovels until the 1960s.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Da bambina, Adelaide componeva piccole canzoni sui mulini delle saline e le cantava ai cugini.<br><em>As a child, Adelaide used to compose little songs about the salt-pan windmills and sing them to her cousins.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"past-participle\">Predicting the past participle: -atto, -osto, -otto<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Past participles let you italian predict irregular verbs in these three families with surprising ease, once you spot the family signature. Each ending corresponds to one family:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>-arre<\/em> verbs \u2192 past participle in <strong>-atto<\/strong>: <em>trarre \u2192 tratto, estrarre \u2192 estratto, attrarre \u2192 attratto, contrarre \u2192 contratto<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>-orre<\/em> verbs \u2192 past participle in <strong>-osto<\/strong>: <em>porre \u2192 posto, comporre \u2192 composto, supporre \u2192 supposto, esporre \u2192 esposto, proporre \u2192 proposto<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>-urre<\/em> verbs \u2192 past participle in <strong>-otto<\/strong>: <em>condurre \u2192 condotto, tradurre \u2192 tradotto, produrre \u2192 prodotto, ridurre \u2192 ridotto, sedurre \u2192 sedotto<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>bere<\/em> \u2192 <em>bevuto<\/em> (regular second conjugation, once you remember the underlying <em>bevere<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><em>dire<\/em> \u2192 <em>detto<\/em>; <em>fare<\/em> \u2192 <em>fatto<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So a B1 learner who sees a brand-new verb like <em>protrarre<\/em> (to prolong) for the first time can italian predict irregular verbs with no dictionary: present <em>protraggo<\/em>, imperfect <em>protraevo<\/em>, past participle <em>protratto<\/em>. That&#8217;s the predictive power that turns the whole list from a memory exercise into a system.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Adelaide ha tratto ispirazione dalle vecchie cartoline della tonnara per il poster del museo.<br><em>Adelaide drew inspiration from the old postcards of the tuna trap for the museum poster.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il fotografo ha esposto venti scatti delle saline al tramonto nella sala principale.<br><em>The photographer exhibited twenty shots of the salt pans at sunset in the main hall.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Severino ha tradotto in inglese tutti i pannelli del Museo della Tonnara di Bonagia.<br><em>Severino translated all the panels of the Bonagia Tuna Museum into English.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"future-stem\">The future stem of bere, vivere, venire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The future tense gives you yet another way to italian predict irregular verbs, with its own small set of shortcuts. Most second-conjugation verbs drop the <em>-e-<\/em> of the infinitive: <em>vendere \u2192 vender\u00f2<\/em>, <em>dovere \u2192 dovr\u00f2<\/em>, <em>potere \u2192 potr\u00f2<\/em>. A handful go a step further and double the <em>r<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>bere \u2192 berr\u00f2<\/em> (and conditional <em>berrei<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>venire \u2192 verr\u00f2<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>tenere \u2192 terr\u00f2<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>volere \u2192 vorr\u00f2<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>parere \u2192 parr\u00f2<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>rimanere \u2192 rimarr\u00f2<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>-arre, -orre, -urre<\/em> families are predictable in a different way: they drop one of the two <em>r<\/em>&#8216;s and add the standard endings on the contracted infinitive itself. <em>Trarre \u2192 trarr\u00f2, trarrai, trarr\u00e0<\/em>. <em>Porre \u2192 porr\u00f2, porrai, porr\u00e0<\/em>. <em>Condurre \u2192 condurr\u00f2, condurrai, condurr\u00e0<\/em>. The double <em>r<\/em> is already in the infinitive, so the future stem is just the infinitive minus the <em>e<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Severino tradurr\u00e0 la guida del museo per i visitatori francesi sabato prossimo.<br><em>Severino will translate the museum guide for the French visitors next Saturday.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Adelaide indurr\u00e0 la madre a venire in vacanza a Trapani il mese prossimo, ne sono certa.<br><em>Adelaide will persuade her mother to come on holiday to Trapani next month, I&#8217;m certain.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Berr\u00f2 un bicchiere d&#8217;acqua e mezzo prima di affrontare il sole delle dodici.<br><em>I&#8217;ll drink a glass and a half of water before facing the midday sun.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"compounds\">One family, dozens of verbs: the compound bonus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The single best return on investment when you learn to italian predict irregular verbs comes from the compound bonus. A compound verb (formed with a prefix like <em>com-, sup-, pro-, ri-, dis-, tra-<\/em>) keeps the simple verb&#8217;s paradigm without exception. There are no surprises. The prefix changes the meaning, never the conjugation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Family head<\/th><th>Compounds<\/th><th>How many free verbs<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>porre (pose)<\/td><td>com-, sup-, pro-, op-, im-, es-, dis-, pos-, sovrap-, presup-<\/td><td>10+<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>condurre (lead)<\/td><td>tra-, pro-, ri-, se-, de-, in-, intro-, riprodu-<\/td><td>8+<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>trarre (draw)<\/td><td>at-, dis-, es-, con-, sot-, pro-, ri-<\/td><td>7+<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>dire (say)<\/td><td>dis-, contrad-, pre-, male-, bene-, ri-<\/td><td>6+<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>fare (do)<\/td><td>ri-, dis-, soddis-, contraf-, sopraf-<\/td><td>5+<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>venire (come)<\/td><td>av-, di-, pro-, inter-, sov-, con-<\/td><td>6+<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Add it up: six family heads buy you over forty verbs you can conjugate at sight. That&#8217;s a much better ratio than memorising verbs one by one. Native speakers don&#8217;t store all these forms separately either: they hear <em>esporre<\/em> and instantly know it&#8217;s <em>espongo, esponi, espose, esponevo, esposto, esporr\u00f2<\/em>, because they&#8217;ve internalised the <em>porre<\/em> template.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-pred-2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task #2.<\/strong> Predict the past participle of each verb without looking anything up.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>introdurre<\/em> (to introduce, lead in) \u2192 ___<\/li>\n<li><em>esporre<\/em> (to expose, exhibit) \u2192 ___<\/li>\n<li><em>sottrarre<\/em> (to subtract) \u2192 ___<\/li>\n<li><em>predire<\/em> (to predict) \u2192 ___<\/li>\n<li><em>soddisfare<\/em> (to satisfy) \u2192 ___<\/li>\n<li><em>rimanere<\/em> (to stay) \u2192 ___<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <strong>introdotto<\/strong> (-urre \u2192 -otto)<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>esposto<\/strong> (-orre \u2192 -osto)<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>sottratto<\/strong> (-arre \u2192 -atto)<\/p>\n<p>4. <strong>predetto<\/strong> (dire family \u2192 -detto)<\/p>\n<p>5. <strong>soddisfatto<\/strong> (fare family \u2192 -fatto)<\/p>\n<p>6. <strong>rimasto<\/strong> (this one breaks the family rule: rimanere has its own pattern, like rimangono \/ rimarr\u00f2 \/ rimasto. A useful reminder that the system covers most verbs, not all.)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One table to keep open while you italian predict irregular verbs in real reading or writing. Glance at the infinitive, find the family, predict the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Infinitive ending<\/th><th>Hidden stem<\/th><th>Present (io)<\/th><th>Imperfect (io)<\/th><th>Past participle<\/th><th>Future (io)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>bere<\/td><td>bev- (from bevere)<\/td><td>bevo<\/td><td>bevevo<\/td><td>bevuto<\/td><td>berr\u00f2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>-arre (trarre)<\/td><td>tra- + -gg-<\/td><td>traggo<\/td><td>traevo<\/td><td>tratto<\/td><td>trarr\u00f2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>-orre (porre)<\/td><td>pon- + -g-<\/td><td>pongo<\/td><td>ponevo<\/td><td>posto<\/td><td>porr\u00f2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>-urre (condurre)<\/td><td>-duc-<\/td><td>conduco<\/td><td>conducevo<\/td><td>condotto<\/td><td>condurr\u00f2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>dire<\/td><td>dic- (from dicere)<\/td><td>dico<\/td><td>dicevo<\/td><td>detto<\/td><td>dir\u00f2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>fare<\/td><td>fac- (from facere)<\/td><td>faccio<\/td><td>facevo<\/td><td>fatto<\/td><td>far\u00f2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>venire<\/td><td>ven- + -g-<\/td><td>vengo<\/td><td>venivo<\/td><td>venuto<\/td><td>verr\u00f2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>The big rule<\/td><td>imperfect stem = voi present minus -te<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialogue\">Dialogue at the Trapani salt pans<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adelaide and Severino visit the salt pans of Trapani-Paceco at the end of the afternoon, then walk on to the Museo della Tonnara di Bonagia. Watch how their conversation rolls through ways to italian predict irregular verbs from all the families above: <em>propone, beviamo, traduce, conduce, ho posto, hai composto, tradurr\u00e0<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-pred\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc71\ud83c\udffc\u200d\u2640\ufe0f <strong>Adelaide:<\/strong> Severino, propongo di fermarci un momento qui prima del mulino. La luce sta diventando rosa e l&#8217;acqua delle vasche sembra un altro pianeta.<br><em>Severino, I suggest we stop here for a moment before the windmill. The light is turning pink and the water in the pans looks like another planet.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Severino:<\/strong> D&#8217;accordo. Beviamo un sorso d&#8217;acqua, qui il sole picchia anche alle sei. Hai portato la borraccia grande?<br><em>Agreed. Let&#8217;s drink a sip of water, the sun beats down here even at six. Did you bring the big water bottle?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc71\ud83c\udffc\u200d\u2640\ufe0f <strong>Adelaide:<\/strong> S\u00ec, la conduco in giro da stamattina. Ho gi\u00e0 bevuto met\u00e0. Senti, quel signore con il cappello traduce per il gruppo di tedeschi: si sente che \u00e8 del posto.<br><em>Yes, I&#8217;ve been carrying it around since this morning. I&#8217;ve already drunk half of it. Listen, that gentleman with the hat is translating for the German group: you can tell he&#8217;s a local.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Severino:<\/strong> Lo conosco di vista. Conduce le visite guidate al Museo del Sale di Nubia da almeno vent&#8217;anni. Mi sa che da giovane traeva il sale a mano insieme al padre.<br><em>I know him by sight. He&#8217;s been leading guided tours at the Nubia Salt Museum for at least twenty years. I think when he was young he used to harvest the salt by hand with his father.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc71\ud83c\udffc\u200d\u2640\ufe0f <strong>Adelaide:<\/strong> Bello. Allora domani propongo di fermarci anche al Museo della Tonnara di Bonagia, se ce la facciamo a partire presto. L\u00ec espongono le reti antiche tutta l&#8217;estate.<br><em>Lovely. Then tomorrow I suggest we also stop at the Bonagia Tuna Museum, if we manage to leave early. They exhibit the old nets there all summer.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Severino:<\/strong> Suppongo che apra alle dieci. Ho posto la sveglia alle otto, cos\u00ec facciamo colazione con calma. Hai composto la playlist per la macchina?<br><em>I suppose it opens at ten. I set the alarm for eight, so we can have breakfast at our own pace. Have you put together the playlist for the car?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc71\ud83c\udffc\u200d\u2640\ufe0f <strong>Adelaide:<\/strong> Quasi. Ho aggiunto i pezzi di Battiato che dicevi tu, e una cosa di Carmen Consoli che mio cugino mi ha tradotto in inglese per scherzo. Funziona meglio in italiano, devo dire.<br><em>Almost. I added the Battiato tracks you mentioned, and a Carmen Consoli song my cousin translated into English as a joke. It works better in Italian, I have to say.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Severino:<\/strong> Te lo dico, le canzoni perdono qualcosa se le riduci. Domani al museo c&#8217;\u00e8 anche una mostra di acquerelli sulle saline: traggono ispirazione dai colori del tramonto, come stai facendo tu.<br><em>I&#8217;m telling you, songs lose something if you reduce them. Tomorrow at the museum there&#8217;s also a watercolour exhibition on the salt pans: they draw inspiration from the sunset colours, the way you&#8217;re doing now.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc71\ud83c\udffc\u200d\u2640\ufe0f <strong>Adelaide:<\/strong> Allora dobbiamo andarci. La guida pensi che tradurr\u00e0 anche in inglese?<br><em>Then we have to go. Do you think the guide will translate into English as well?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Severino:<\/strong> Suppongo di s\u00ec. E se non lo fa, mi propongo io volontario. Le poche parole di inglese che mi restano dal liceo, le tiro fuori per i tedeschi nostalgici del mare di Sicilia.<br><em>I suppose so. And if he doesn&#8217;t, I&#8217;ll volunteer myself. The few words of English I have left from high school, I&#8217;ll dust them off for the Germans who miss the Sicilian sea.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc71\ud83c\udffc\u200d\u2640\ufe0f <strong>Adelaide:<\/strong> Sei un disastro, ma sei utile. Andiamo, il sole sta calando e voglio vedere i fenicotteri prima che si nascondano dietro il mulino.<br><em>You&#8217;re a disaster, but you&#8217;re useful. Let&#8217;s go, the sun is going down and I want to see the flamingos before they hide behind the windmill.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What to notice in the dialogue<\/h3>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Propongo, propone, propongono<\/strong>: present forms of <em>proporre<\/em>, with the <em>-g-<\/em> insertion typical of the <em>porre<\/em> family.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Beviamo, ho bevuto<\/strong>: <em>bere<\/em> conjugated on the hidden <em>bev-<\/em> stem, with the regular past participle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traduce, ha tradotto, tradurr\u00e0<\/strong>: the same <em>-urre<\/em> verb across three tenses; the underlying <em>-duc-<\/em> appears in the present, the <em>-otto<\/em> ending in the participle, the double <em>r<\/em> in the future.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conduco, conduce, conducevo<\/strong>: <em>condurre<\/em> in present and imperfect, both predictable from the <em>-duc-<\/em> stem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traeva, traggono<\/strong>: <em>trarre<\/em> imperfect (rebuilt from <em>traete<\/em>) and present 3pl (with the <em>-gg-<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ho posto, hai composto, espongono<\/strong>: <em>porre<\/em> family in past participle and present, all built on <em>pon-<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mini-challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-pred-final\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Final challenge.<\/strong> Translate into natural Italian using the family rules.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>I&#8217;ll translate the panel for you tomorrow morning.<\/li>\n<li>When I was a child, we used to drink water from the fountain in the square.<\/li>\n<li>Adelaide proposes a walk to the windmill before sunset.<\/li>\n<li>The museum has exhibited twenty photos of the tuna trap.<\/li>\n<li>They produce salt here using only the sun and the wind.<\/li>\n<li>Severino set the alarm at eight so we can have breakfast slowly.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>Ti tradurr\u00f2 il pannello domani mattina.<\/em> (tradurre \u2192 future contracted on -urre infinitive)<\/p>\n<p>2. <em>Da piccoli bevevamo l&#8217;acqua della fontana in piazza.<\/em> (bere \u2192 imperfect on bev- stem)<\/p>\n<p>3. <em>Adelaide propone una passeggiata al mulino prima del tramonto.<\/em> (proporre \u2192 -g- insertion absent in 3sg)<\/p>\n<p>4. <em>Il museo ha esposto venti foto della tonnara.<\/em> (esporre \u2192 past participle -osto)<\/p>\n<p>5. <em>Qui producono il sale usando soltanto il sole e il vento.<\/em> (produrre \u2192 3pl present on -duc- stem)<\/p>\n<p>6. <em>Severino ha posto la sveglia alle otto cos\u00ec facciamo colazione con calma.<\/em> (porre \u2192 past participle -osto)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Learning to italian predict irregular verbs comes from seeing them as a system, not as a list. Read short Italian texts every day, underline the verbs in <em>-arre, -orre, -urre<\/em> and the family heads <em>bere, dire, fare<\/em>, and check whether you could italian predict irregular verbs on first sight. After a few weeks the prediction becomes automatic and the &#8220;irregular&#8221; label stops slowing you down. Pair this guide with the quiz below and revisit it once a month: each pass locks the patterns in deeper and makes it faster to italian predict irregular verbs the next time you meet one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take the quiz below to test what you&#8217;ve learned about how to italian predict irregular verbs from the infinitive.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-pred-60854\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_1159\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_loadQuiz\">\n            <p>\n                Quiz is loading...            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_startOnlyRegisteredUser\">\n            <p>\n                \n    <div class=\"dante-quiz-login-box\">\n        <h2 class=\"dante-quiz-login-badge has-text-align-center\">Free Italian Quiz<\/h2>\n        <br>\n        <h3 class=\"dante-quiz-login-title has-text-align-center\">\"Italian Irregular Verbs: Predict from the Infinitive (B1)\"<\/h3>\n        <p class=\"has-text-align-left\">\n            Sign up for free to try this quiz and get early access to new Italian lessons before anyone else.\n        <\/p>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-quiz-social-buttons\">\n                <div class=\"dante-login-form\">\n        <div class=\"dante-social-btns\">\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=google&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F60854\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#4285f4\" d=\"M22.56 12.25c0-.78-.07-1.53-.2-2.25H12v4.26h5.92c-.26 1.37-1.04 2.53-2.21 3.31v2.77h3.57c2.08-1.92 3.28-4.74 3.28-8.09z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#34a853\" d=\"M12 23c2.97 0 5.46-.98 7.28-2.66l-3.57-2.77c-.98.66-2.23 1.06-3.71 1.06-2.86 0-5.29-1.93-6.16-4.53H2.18v2.84C3.99 20.53 7.7 23 12 23z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#fbbc05\" d=\"M5.84 14.09c-.22-.66-.35-1.36-.35-2.09s.13-1.43.35-2.09V7.07H2.18C1.43 8.55 1 10.22 1 12s.43 3.45 1.18 4.93l2.85-2.22.81-.62z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#ea4335\" d=\"M12 5.38c1.62 0 3.06.56 4.21 1.64l3.15-3.15C17.45 2.09 14.97 1 12 1 7.7 1 3.99 3.47 2.18 7.07l3.66 2.84c.87-2.6 3.3-4.53 6.16-4.53z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Google            <\/a>\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=facebook&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F60854\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#1877f2\" d=\"M24 12.073c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.99 4.388 10.954 10.125 11.854v-8.385H7.078v-3.47h3.047V9.43c0-3.007 1.792-4.669 4.533-4.669 1.312 0 2.686.235 2.686.235v2.953H15.83c-1.491 0-1.956.925-1.956 1.874v2.25h3.328l-.532 3.47h-2.796v8.385C19.612 23.027 24 18.062 24 12.073z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Facebook            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-divider\"><span>or<\/span><\/div>\n        \n        <form class=\"dante-auth-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"nonce\" value=\"1f453332a3\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"redirect\" value=\"\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60854\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"show_register\" value=\"true\">\n            \n            <!-- HONEYPOT FIELD - Anti-Bot Protection -->\n            <div style=\"position: absolute; 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Redirecting...'\n        };\n        \n        $('#email').on('input', function() {\n            const email = $(this).val();\n            const showReg = $('input[name=\"show_register\"]').val();\n            \n            clearTimeout(timeout);\n            \n            if (!email.includes('@')) {\n                resetForm();\n                return;\n            }\n            \n            timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n                $.post('https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php', {\n                    action: 'dante_check_email',\n                    email: email,\n                    nonce: $('input[name=\"nonce\"]').val()\n                }, function(r) {\n                    if (r.success) {\n                        if (r.data.exists) {\n                            setLoginMode();\n                        } else if (showReg === 'true') {\n                            setRegisterMode();\n                        } else {\n                            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         messageDiv.removeClass('dante-success dante-error').addClass('dante-' + type);\n            messageDiv.text(message).show();\n            setTimeout(() => messageDiv.hide(), 5000);\n        }\n        \n        $('.dante-auth-form').on('submit', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            \n            const email = $('#email').val();\n            const password = $('#password').val();\n            const name = $('#name').val();\n            const gdpr = $('#gdpr').is(':checked');\n            const redirect = $('input[name=\"redirect\"]').val();\n            \n            if (!email || !password) {\n                showMessage(texts.emailPasswordRequired);\n                return;\n            }\n            \n            if (mode === 'register') {\n                if (!name) {\n                    showMessage(texts.nameRequired);\n                    return;\n                }\n                if (!gdpr) {\n                    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? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You scored <span>0<\/span> out of <span>0<\/span> points, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" >\n                <h4>Categories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"531\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Irregular present forms<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"98\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Spot the correct sentence<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Let&#8217;s strengthen the foundations on this topic.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>10-Lesson Package<\/strong> gives you ten focused 55-minute sessions with a native teacher, at your own pace.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">10-Lesson Package<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"10-Lesson Package\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Get the 10-Lesson Package &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Solid base. Let&#8217;s build on it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>weekly 1:1 lesson<\/strong> gives you the rhythm and the personalised feedback to turn what you know into what you say automatically.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Weekly 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Weekly 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Book a Weekly 1:1 lesson &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Great work. You&#8217;re ready for the group.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> In the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> you&#8217;ll move from solid grammar to live conversation.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! You nailed it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> Step into the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> to turn accurate Italian into fluent Italian.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Conjugate the verb<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Some present-tense forms are irregular and worth knowing by heart: andare -> vado, venire -> vengo, uscire -> esco, fare -> faccio, dare -> do, dire -> dico.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7187\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <ul><li>Domani (andare - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"4\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(vado)<\/span><\/span> al mare con gli amici.<br><br><em>Tomorrow I'm going to the seaside with friends.<\/em><\/li><li>Stasera (venire - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"5\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(vengo)<\/span><\/span> alla tua festa di sicuro.<br><br><em>Tonight I'm definitely coming to your party.<\/em><\/li><li>La mattina (uscire - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"4\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(esco)<\/span><\/span> di casa alle otto.<br><br><em>In the morning I leave the house at eight.<\/em><\/li><li>Di solito (fare - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(faccio)<\/span><\/span> colazione al bar.<br><br><em>I usually have breakfast at the caf\u00e9.<\/em><\/li><li>Tu cosa (dire - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"4\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(dici)<\/span><\/span> di questo film?<br><br><em>What do you say about this film?<\/em><\/li><li>Marco non (sapere - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sa)<\/span><\/span> nuotare.<br><br><em>Marco doesn't know how to swim.<\/em><\/li><li>Mia sorella (tenere - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"5\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(tiene)<\/span><\/span> il cane in giardino.<br><br><em>My sister keeps the dog in the garden.<\/em><\/li><li>Noi (fare - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(facciamo)<\/span><\/span> una passeggiata ogni sera.<br><br><em>We take a walk every evening.<\/em><\/li><li>Loro non (venire - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(vengono)<\/span><\/span> mai puntuali.<br><br><em>They never come on time.<\/em><\/li><li>Mi (dare - presente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"3\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(dai)<\/span><\/span> una mano con la spesa?<br><br><em>Will you give me a hand with the shopping?<\/em><\/li><\/ul>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>All ten right. You know the irregular present forms.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>io vado, io vengo, io esco, io faccio, tu dici, lui d\u00e0, noi facciamo, loro vanno.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>These verbs are irregular in the present: think of the stem change (vado, vengo, esco) not the regular ending.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Spot the correct sentence<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>In each group, pick the ONE correct sentence.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7188\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Domani ando al mare.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Domani vaio al mare.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> Domani vado al mare.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> Stasera vengo alla festa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Stasera venio alla festa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> Stasera vegno alla festa.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> La mattina escio alle otto.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> La mattina esco alle otto.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> La mattina uscio alle otto.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> Di solito faccio colazione al bar.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> Di solito faio colazione al bar.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> Di solito faccia colazione al bar.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> Marco non sape nuotare.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> Marco non sai nuotare.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> Marco non sa nuotare.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> Noi facemo una passeggiata.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> Noi facciamo una passeggiata.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_1159_7188\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> Noi famo una passeggiata insieme.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Six out of six.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Vado al mare; Vengo alla festa; Esco alle otto; Faccio colazione; Marco non sa nuotare; Noi facciamo una passeggiata.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Irregular present: vado, vengo, esco, faccio, dici, sa, tiene, facciamo, vengono, dai.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton 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window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_1159',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 1159,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 16,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"531\":10,\"98\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"7187\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":7187,\"catId\":531,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"vado\"],[\"vengo\"],[\"esco\"],[\"faccio\"],[\"dici\"],[\"sa\"],[\"tiene\"],[\"facciamo\"],[\"vengono\"],[\"dai\"]]},\"7188\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":7188,\"catId\":98,\"points\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0],\"correct\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These questions about how to italian predict irregular verbs come from real B1 learners online. The historical background is laid out in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/vocabolario\/bere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani vocabolario entry on bere<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-pred-q1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is bere irregular if its conjugation looks like a regular -ere verb?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>To italian predict irregular verbs like bere, treat the infinitive as a contraction: the older form was bevere, from Latin bibere, and the modern infinitive dropped the middle -ve-. The full paradigm still uses the older bev- stem: bevo, bevi, beve, beviamo, bevete, bevono in the present; bevevo in the imperfect; bevuto in the past participle. The only place where the infinitive&#8217;s short shape really shows up is the future, which doubles the r: berr\u00f2, berrai, berr\u00e0. Mentally treat bere as bevere and you can italian predict irregular verbs in this family as easily as any standard second-conjugation verb.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pred-q2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What do italian verbs in -arre, -orre and -urre have in common?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>All three endings are contracted infinitives of older Italian forms that themselves come from Latin, and they let you italian predict irregular verbs across dozens of compounds. -arre comes from -ahere (trarre from trahere), -orre from -onere (porre from ponere), -urre from -ucere (condurre from conducere, tradurre from traducere). In each family the longer stem survives everywhere outside the infinitive and the future. So you get traggo, pongo, conduco in the present; traevo, ponevo, conducevo in the imperfect; tratto, posto, condotto in the past participle. Three patterns let you italian predict irregular verbs in dozens of verbs at once.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pred-q3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">If I learn porre, do I really get supporre, comporre and proporre for free?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. A compound verb in Italian keeps the simple verb&#8217;s paradigm without exception, which is exactly what makes it easy to italian predict irregular verbs from prefixed forms. Porre gives you pongo, poni, pone, poniamo, ponete, pongono; the imperfect ponevo; the past participle posto; the future porr\u00f2. Supporre is suppongo, supponi, suppone, supponiamo, supponete, suppongono; supponevo; supposto; supporr\u00f2. Same template, different prefix. The same rule lets you italian predict irregular verbs in comporre, proporre, opporre, esporre, imporre, disporre. Learning one head verb gives you the whole family.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pred-q4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is the past participle of trarre tratto and of porre posto?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The -arre family has past participles in -atto: tratto, estratto, attratto, sottratto, contratto. The -orre family takes -osto: posto, composto, esposto, supposto, proposto. The -urre family takes -otto: condotto, tradotto, prodotto, ridotto, sedotto, introdotto. These three endings are reliable enough that once you spot the infinitive&#8217;s family, you can italian predict irregular verbs at the participle level without checking a dictionary. The pattern is so strong that native speakers sometimes back-form a fake infinitive from the participle: the wrong form redarre exists in mistaken Italian because speakers try to italian predict irregular verbs in reverse, rebuilding trarre from redatto. The real verb is redigere.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pred-q5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the safest trick to find the imperfect of any irregular -urre or -orre verb?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Take the voi form of the present and replace -te with -vo, -vi, -va, -vamo, -vate, -vano. Producete becomes producevo, conducete becomes conducevo, ponete becomes ponevo, traete becomes traevo. This rule lets you italian predict irregular verbs at the imperfect with almost no effort, with two famous exceptions: dire uses dicevo (not divo) and fare uses facevo (not favo), because they rebuild on the longer Latin stem. For every other verb the voi-to-imperfect shortcut works the first time, which is why it&#8217;s the single best trick to italian predict irregular verbs at this tense.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pred-q6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Are these patterns reliable enough that I can guess a new verb&#8217;s conjugation?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>For the families covered here, yes: -arre, -orre, -urre, bere, dire, fare and their compounds follow the templates almost without exception, which is exactly what lets a B1 learner italian predict irregular verbs at sight. If you meet protrarre, intercorrere, sovrapporre or riprodurre for the first time, you can confidently italian predict irregular verbs across their present, imperfect, past participle and future without a table. The system has small leaks (rimanere has its own pattern: rimangono, rimasto, rimarr\u00f2), but the families above cover dozens of high-frequency verbs. Treat the rules as a strong default for how to italian predict irregular verbs and let the rare exceptions surprise you only when they do.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-irregular-present-tense\/\">Italian Irregular Present Tense: Vado, Faccio, Vengo, Voglio (A2)<\/a>: drill the high-frequency irregular present forms before tackling the families above.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-future-tense\/\">Italian Future Tense: Futuro Semplice and Anteriore<\/a>: full coverage of berr\u00f2, verr\u00f2, condurr\u00f2 and the rest of the contracted future stems.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-past-participle\/\">Italian Past Participle: Forms, Agreement, Clausal Uses<\/a>: the -atto, -osto, -otto endings in their wider context, with agreement rules.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/vocabolario\/bere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani: voce bere<\/a>: institutional entry on the contracted infinitive and the older form <em>bevere<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Italian irregular verbs stop being random once you learn to predict them from the infinitive. B1 guide to bere, the -arre\/-orre\/-urre families, the imperfect shortcut, past participles in -atto\/-osto\/-otto, and a Trapani salt-pans dialogue.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1865],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b1","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60854"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62105,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60854\/revisions\/62105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60854"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}