{"id":60744,"date":"2026-05-27T22:45:41","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T13:45:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=60744"},"modified":"2026-05-30T18:57:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T09:57:14","slug":"italian-capitalization-rules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-capitalization-rules\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Capitalization Rules (A1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> The <strong>italian capitalization rules<\/strong> look familiar at first, then surprise English speakers. Italian capitalizes the start of a sentence, proper names (Greta, Mauro, Siena), place names (Italia, Toscana), holidays (Natale, Pasqua), centuries and historical events (il Cinquecento, il Risorgimento), and acronyms (ASL, ONU). It does <em>not<\/em> capitalize days (luned\u00ec), months (gennaio), languages (italiano), nationalities (francese), or compass points (nord). Titles mid-sentence stay lowercase (il signor Rossi, il dottor Bianchi) but flip to uppercase when you address someone directly (Buongiorno, Signor Rossi). Book and film titles take a capital only on the first word (I promessi sposi). This A1 guide walks through every case with examples set in Siena during the Palio, a dialogue between Greta and Mauro, and a short quiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Get the italian capitalization rules right and your writing instantly looks more native. The system is simpler than English on most points and stricter on a few. By the end of this guide you will know when the capital letter is required, when it is forbidden, and when both options are acceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-cap\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-h-cap gb-headline-text has-text-align-center\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:24px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what\">What the italian capitalization rules are<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sentence\">Start of a sentence and after a full stop<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#names\">Proper names of people and places<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#days\">Days, months, seasons: lowercase<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#languages\">Languages and nationalities: lowercase<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#titles\">Titles like signor, dottor, professore<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#holidays\">Holidays, centuries, historical events<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#acronyms\">Acronyms and abbreviations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#religious\">Stato, Chiesa, Dio: when the capital changes meaning<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#books\">Book and film titles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#lei\">Reverential Lei in formal writing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#accents\">Accents on capital letters: \u00c8, \u00c0, \u00cc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian capitalization rules<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialog\">Dialog: Greta and Mauro before the Palio<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what\">What the italian capitalization rules are<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walk through Piazza del Campo in Siena the week before the Palio and you will see capital letters everywhere on the banners: <em>Contrada del Drago<\/em>, <em>Palio di Siena<\/em>, <em>I promessi sposi<\/em> in the bookshop window. Look at a postcard sent the same week and you will see lowercase where English would put a capital: <em>2 luglio<\/em>, <em>il mio amico \u00e8 italiano<\/em>, <em>parla francese<\/em>. The italian capitalization rules sit halfway between English and most other Romance systems: stricter than Spanish on accented capitals, looser than English on nationalities and weekdays.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Greta abita a Siena, in via Camollia.<br><em>Greta lives in Siena, on via Camollia.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mauro \u00e8 italiano e parla anche inglese.<br><em>Mauro is Italian and also speaks English.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Luned\u00ec 2 luglio inizia la festa della Contrada del Drago.<br><em>On Monday 2 July the Drago neighbourhood festival begins.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The system breaks down into seven areas: sentence start, proper names, dates, languages and nationalities, titles of address, holidays and history, and a small handful of words where the capital changes the meaning (Stato, Chiesa). The next sections cover them one by one with examples you can copy and adapt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sentence\">Start of a sentence and after a full stop<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This part of the italian capitalization rules is identical to English. Capital at the start of every sentence and after every full stop. Capital at the start of a line of direct speech inside quotation marks. Nothing surprising, but it is the rule that gets broken first in informal messages, so it is worth flagging.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Greta arriva a Siena. Domani vede Mauro in piazza.<br><em>Greta arrives in Siena. Tomorrow she sees Mauro in the square.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mauro dice: \u00abHo i biglietti per il Palio\u00bb.<br><em>Mauro says: &#8220;I have the tickets for the Palio&#8221;.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Piove. Il corteo \u00e8 rinviato a marted\u00ec.<br><em>It&#8217;s raining. The procession is postponed to Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After a question mark or exclamation mark, the next word also takes a capital when a new sentence starts: <em>\u00c8 vero? Non lo sapevo<\/em>. After a comma or a semicolon, the next word stays lowercase: <em>Greta \u00e8 di Siena, Mauro \u00e8 di Lucca<\/em>. The italian capitalization rules treat punctuation exactly like English on this point, so your instinct will usually be right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"names\">Proper names of people and places<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian capitalization rules on proper names are the easiest part of the system. Every proper name takes a capital. First names, surnames, nicknames, names of cities, regions, countries, mountains, rivers, neighbourhoods. The italian capitalization rules add one wrinkle: when a generic noun precedes a proper place name (via, corso, monte, lago), it can stay lowercase. Both <em>Via Camollia<\/em> and <em>via Camollia<\/em> are accepted; current style guides prefer lowercase for the generic part.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Greta e Mauro abitano in Toscana, vicino a Siena.<br><em>Greta and Mauro live in Tuscany, near Siena.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>La Contrada del Drago ha la sua sede in via del Paradiso.<br><em>The Drago neighbourhood has its headquarters on via del Paradiso.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il monte Amiata \u00e8 la montagna pi\u00f9 alta della provincia.<br><em>Mount Amiata is the tallest mountain in the province.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Anche il gatto della contrada ha un nome proprio: Argo.<br><em>Even the neighbourhood cat has a proper name: Argo.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the italian capitalization rules, names of animals take a capital when they function as proper names (<em>il cane Argo<\/em>, <em>il cavallo Tittia<\/em>), exactly like in English. Names of celestial bodies also take a capital (<em>Giove<\/em>, <em>Orione<\/em>); the words <em>terra<\/em>, <em>sole<\/em>, <em>luna<\/em> get a capital only in astronomical contexts (<em>la Terra orbita intorno al Sole<\/em>), and stay lowercase in everyday use (<em>oggi c&#8217;\u00e8 il sole<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-vianames\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>via with lowercase v.<\/strong> When you write an Italian address mid-sentence, <em>via<\/em>, <em>corso<\/em>, <em>piazza<\/em>, <em>viale<\/em> are lowercase: <em>abito in via Camollia 27<\/em>. On a printed letterhead or envelope you usually see them capitalised (<em>Via Camollia 27<\/em>), and both are fine. The italian capitalization rules treat the generic part as optional uppercase, the proper part as obligatory uppercase.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"days\">Days, months, seasons: lowercase<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here the italian capitalization rules part company with English in a way that catches every learner. Days of the week, months of the year, and seasons are common nouns in Italian under the italian capitalization rules, not proper names, and they all stay lowercase. Even in dates and headings. This is the single error that flags an English speaker&#8217;s writing fastest.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Il Palio si corre il 2 luglio e il 16 agosto.<br><em>The Palio is run on 2 July and 16 August.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Greta \u00e8 nata di domenica, in primavera.<br><em>Greta was born on a Sunday, in spring.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mauro lavora il luned\u00ec e il mercoled\u00ec.<br><em>Mauro works on Mondays and Wednesdays.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>A gennaio fa freddo, a luglio fa molto caldo.<br><em>In January it&#8217;s cold, in July it&#8217;s very hot.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The compass points work the same way when they indicate direction: <em>vado a nord<\/em>, <em>il vento viene da est<\/em>. They take a capital only when they name a specific region: <em>il Nord Italia<\/em>, <em>il Sud-est asiatico<\/em>, <em>il Mezzogiorno<\/em> (the south of Italy as an area). If you can swap the word for a normal place name like Toscana, use the capital; if you mean a direction on a compass, use lowercase.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-days\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task #1.<\/strong> Rewrite each sentence with correct capitalization.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Luned\u00ec Mauro va a Firenze.<\/li>\n<li>Il Palio \u00e8 il 2 Luglio.<\/li>\n<li>Greta parla Italiano e Tedesco.<\/li>\n<li>Il signor rossi \u00e8 il capitano della contrada.<\/li>\n<li>Il treno parte verso Nord.<\/li>\n<li>A Pasqua mangio sempre la colomba.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. Luned\u00ec Mauro va a Firenze (correct as-is, capital only on sentence start) \u00b7 2. Il Palio \u00e8 il 2 luglio (month lowercase) \u00b7 3. Greta parla italiano e tedesco (languages lowercase) \u00b7 4. Il signor Rossi \u00e8 il capitano della contrada (surname capital, signor lowercase mid-sentence) \u00b7 5. Il treno parte verso nord (compass direction lowercase) \u00b7 6. A Pasqua mangio sempre la colomba (correct, holiday capital)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"languages\">Languages and nationalities: lowercase<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another point where the italian capitalization rules surprise English speakers, and another quick win once you know it. The names of languages stay lowercase (<em>italiano<\/em>, <em>inglese<\/em>, <em>francese<\/em>, <em>spagnolo<\/em>, <em>cinese<\/em>). The adjectives of nationality stay lowercase too (<em>il vino italiano<\/em>, <em>la macchina tedesca<\/em>, <em>una citt\u00e0 francese<\/em>). When the noun refers to people in the plural, the rule is the same: <em>gli italiani<\/em>, <em>i tedeschi<\/em>, <em>i giapponesi<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Greta studia il francese all&#8217;universit\u00e0.<br><em>Greta studies French at university.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mauro \u00e8 italiano, ma sua madre \u00e8 tedesca.<br><em>Mauro is Italian, but his mother is German.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>A Siena ci sono molti turisti americani.<br><em>In Siena there are many American tourists.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Gli italiani amano il calcio e il caff\u00e8.<br><em>Italians love football and coffee.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian capitalization rules do allow one tolerated exception. When the noun refers to a people as a historical or collective whole, a capital is sometimes used: <em>i Romani<\/em> (the ancient Romans), <em>i Greci<\/em> (the ancient Greeks), <em>gli Aztechi<\/em>. With modern peoples both forms appear in print (<em>i Tedeschi sono puntuali<\/em> or <em>i tedeschi sono puntuali<\/em>); lowercase is more common in newspapers, uppercase in historical writing. Country names themselves always take a capital: <em>l&#8217;Italia<\/em>, <em>la Francia<\/em>, <em>il Giappone<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"titles\">Titles like signor, dottor, professore<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is where the italian capitalization rules get most interesting and most useful in everyday writing. Titles of courtesy and profession follow a position rule under the italian capitalization rules. Inside a sentence, when the title is followed by the person&#8217;s name and used descriptively, it stays lowercase: <em>il signor Rossi<\/em>, <em>il dottor Bianchi<\/em>, <em>il professor Conti<\/em>. When you address the person directly (when you address the person), the title takes a capital: <em>Buongiorno, Signor Rossi<\/em>, <em>Grazie, Dottoressa<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Il signor Rossi \u00e8 il capitano della Contrada del Drago.<br><em>Mr. Rossi is the captain of the Drago neighbourhood.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Buongiorno, Signora Bianchi, come sta oggi?<br><em>Good morning, Mrs. Bianchi, how are you today?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il dottor Conti lavora all&#8217;ospedale di Siena.<br><em>Dr. Conti works at the Siena hospital.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mi scusi, Professor Mauri, ho una domanda.<br><em>Excuse me, Professor Mauri, I have a question.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the italian capitalization rules the same titles in their abbreviated form keep a capital: <em>Sig. Rossi<\/em>, <em>Sig.ra Bianchi<\/em>, <em>Dott. Conti<\/em>, <em>Prof. Mauri<\/em>. The capital here is part of the abbreviation, not a rule about the title itself. A useful test: if you can drop the title and still address the person (<em>Signor Rossi<\/em> \u2192 <em>Rossi!<\/em>), the title is direct address and takes a capital. If the title is part of a description (<em>il signor Rossi \u00e8 arrivato<\/em>), it stays lowercase.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-titles\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>The position test.<\/strong> Ask: am I describing someone (third person) or speaking to them (second person)? Description gets lowercase: <em>il signor Rossi entra<\/em>. Direct address gets uppercase: <em>Signor Rossi, entri pure<\/em>. The same rule covers <em>dottor<\/em>, <em>professor<\/em>, <em>avvocato<\/em>, <em>ingegnere<\/em>, <em>presidente<\/em>, <em>ministro<\/em>. Apply it consistently and the italian capitalization rules for titles will feel automatic in two days.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"holidays\">Holidays, centuries, historical events<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the italian capitalization rules, holidays both religious and civil take a capital: <em>Natale<\/em>, <em>Pasqua<\/em>, <em>Ferragosto<\/em>, <em>Primo maggio<\/em>, <em>Capodanno<\/em>. Centuries written out as ordinals take a capital too: <em>il Cinquecento<\/em> (the 16th century), <em>il Novecento<\/em> (the 20th). Decades follow: <em>gli anni Settanta<\/em>. Major historical events take a capital on the first word only: <em>il Risorgimento<\/em>, <em>la Resistenza<\/em>, <em>la Rivoluzione francese<\/em>, <em>la Prima guerra mondiale<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A Natale Greta torna dai genitori in Toscana.<br><em>At Christmas Greta goes back to her parents&#8217; place in Tuscany.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il Palio di Siena risale al Medioevo.<br><em>The Palio of Siena dates back to the Middle Ages.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mauro ha studiato il Risorgimento a scuola.<br><em>Mauro studied the Risorgimento at school.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Negli anni Sessanta \u00e8 nato il cinema d&#8217;autore italiano.<br><em>In the sixties Italian arthouse cinema was born.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small trap inside the italian capitalization rules: <em>medio evo<\/em> can be written <em>Medioevo<\/em> or <em>medioevo<\/em>; both are accepted, with the capital slightly more frequent in formal writing. Names of geological or prehistoric ages take a capital only on the first word: <em>il Neolitico<\/em>, <em>il Paleozoico<\/em>. The italian capitalization rules treat history like book titles: capital on the opening word, lowercase on what follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"acronyms\">Acronyms and abbreviations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian capitalization rules for acronyms allow three styles. All capitals (<em>ASL<\/em>, <em>FIGC<\/em>, <em>ONU<\/em>, <em>INPS<\/em>) is the traditional form. Only the first letter capitalised (<em>Asl<\/em>, <em>Figc<\/em>, <em>Onu<\/em>, <em>Inps<\/em>) is common in newspapers since the 1990s. When the acronym is spelled out, each main word usually takes a capital: <em>Azienda Sanitaria Locale<\/em>, <em>Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite<\/em>, <em>Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mauro lavora all&#8217;ASL di Siena.<br><em>Mauro works at the Siena local health authority.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>La Rai trasmette il Palio in diretta.<br><em>Rai broadcasts the Palio live.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Greta ha vinto una borsa di studio dell&#8217;INPS.<br><em>Greta won a scholarship from INPS.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once an acronym becomes a common word, the italian capitalization rules drop its capitals altogether: <em>laser<\/em>, <em>radar<\/em>, <em>colf<\/em>. This shift is irreversible and recorded in dictionaries. If you are not sure, check the Treccani online dictionary: it lists the prevailing spelling for each acronym, and you can copy what you find there with confidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religious\">Stato, Chiesa, Dio: when the capital changes meaning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small group of common nouns flips meaning depending on the capital, and the italian capitalization rules use that capital as the distinguishing mark. The italian capitalization rules use the capital here to distinguish the institution from the everyday object. <em>Stato<\/em> (the State, the nation) versus <em>stato<\/em> (condition, state of mind). <em>Chiesa<\/em> (the Church as a community) versus <em>chiesa<\/em> (a church building). <em>Borsa<\/em> (the Stock Exchange) versus <em>borsa<\/em> (a bag). <em>Camera<\/em> (the lower house of parliament) versus <em>camera<\/em> (a room).<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lo Stato italiano finanzia il restauro della cattedrale.<br><em>The Italian state funds the cathedral&#8217;s restoration.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mauro \u00e8 in un brutto stato dopo la corsa.<br><em>Mauro is in a bad state after the race.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>La Chiesa cattolica ha sede a Roma.<br><em>The Catholic Church is based in Rome.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>La chiesa di San Domenico \u00e8 in centro a Siena.<br><em>The church of San Domenico is in central Siena.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian capitalization rules treat <em>Dio<\/em> with a capital when it refers to the monotheistic God: <em>credo in Dio<\/em>, <em>la parola di Dio<\/em>. The lowercase <em>dio<\/em> stays for the gods of polytheistic religions or as a generic noun: <em>gli dei greci<\/em>, <em>\u00e8 un dio del calcio<\/em>. Pronouns referring to God often take a capital in religious writing (<em>Egli<\/em>, <em>Lui<\/em>, <em>Suo<\/em>), though this convention is fading in modern prose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"books\">Book and film titles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian capitalization rules for book and film titles allow a capital on the first word only, not on every important word as in English. This applies to books, plays, films, songs, operas, paintings. The article counts as the first word and takes the capital: <em>I promessi sposi<\/em>, <em>Il nome della rosa<\/em>, <em>La vita \u00e8 bella<\/em>. Any proper name inside the title keeps its capital (<em>Il Gattopardo<\/em> capitalises both the article and the noun-as-proper-name).<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mauro ha letto I promessi sposi a scuola.<br><em>Mauro read The Betrothed at school.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Greta ha visto La vita \u00e8 bella tre volte.<br><em>Greta has seen Life Is Beautiful three times.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il film preferito di Mauro \u00e8 Ladri di biciclette.<br><em>Mauro&#8217;s favourite film is Bicycle Thieves.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian capitalization rules carve out one exception: newspapers and magazines break this pattern. every meaningful word keeps its capital because the article and the main noun together form the official title. <em>La Stampa<\/em>, <em>Il Corriere della Sera<\/em>, <em>La Repubblica<\/em>, <em>Il Resto del Carlino<\/em>. When you cite an Italian newspaper, copy the masthead exactly; when you cite a book or film, capital only on the opening word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lei\">Reverential Lei in formal writing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In formal letters and business emails, the italian capitalization rules allow a special capital called <em>maiuscola di rispetto<\/em>, a piece of etiquette worth knowing even if you never write a formal letter yourself. The italian capitalization rules call it <em>maiuscola reverenziale<\/em> too or <em>maiuscola reverenziale<\/em>. . The polite pronoun <em>Lei<\/em> and the possessive <em>Suo<\/em> take a capital when they refer to the person you are addressing. Object pronouns and conjunctions that depend on them follow: <em>La<\/em>, <em>Le<\/em>, <em>chiederLe<\/em>, <em>comunicarLe<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gentile Professore, Le scrivo per chiederLe un appuntamento.<br><em>Dear Professor, I am writing to ask You for an appointment.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Egregio Avvocato, La ringrazio per la Sua e-mail.<br><em>Dear Counsellor, I thank You for Your email.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Speriamo di rivederLa presto, Signor Bianchi.<br><em>We hope to see You again soon, Mr. Bianchi.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One important point inside the italian capitalization rules: once you decide to use the reverential capital, you must keep it throughout the whole text. Mixing <em>Le scrivo<\/em> with <em>le mando<\/em> in the same letter looks careless. In informal emails, text messages, and casual writing, the capital is dropped: plain lowercase <em>lei<\/em> and <em>suo<\/em> are the modern default. Use the capital only when the register clearly asks for it: formal correspondence, business letters, official requests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"accents\">Accents on capital letters: \u00c8, \u00c0, \u00cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian capitalization rules are stricter than French or Spanish on one point: accents on capital letters cannot be dropped. A sentence that opens with <em>\u00c8<\/em> must be written <em>\u00c8 vero che Greta arriva oggi?<\/em>, never <em>E&#8217; vero&#8230;<\/em> (which is a typewriter substitute, tolerated only in plain-text messages). The italian capitalization rules list six accented capitals: <em>\u00c0<\/em>, <em>\u00c8<\/em>, <em>\u00c9<\/em>, <em>\u00cc<\/em>, <em>\u00d2<\/em>, <em>\u00d9<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00c8 arrivato il momento del Palio.<br><em>The moment of the Palio has arrived.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u00c8 vero che Mauro corre con il Drago?<br><em>Is it true that Mauro is racing with the Drago?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u00ab\u00cco arrivo subito\u00bb non si scrive: si scrive \u00abIo arrivo subito\u00bb.<br><em>&#8220;\u00cco arrivo subito&#8221; is not written that way: it&#8217;s &#8220;Io arrivo subito&#8221;.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For typing the accented capitals required by the italian capitalization rules, hold the vowel key (e, a, i) on a Mac and pick the accented capital from the pop-up; on Windows, use Alt codes or insert from the character map. In Microsoft Word and Google Docs, autocorrect usually converts <em>E&#8217;<\/em> at the start of a line into <em>\u00c8<\/em>. Avoid the apostrophe shortcut whenever you can: published Italian writing uses the proper accented capital without exception.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-cap2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task #2.<\/strong> Mark each word as correct (\u2713) or fix it.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>I Promessi Sposi<\/li>\n<li>Buongiorno, signor Rossi<\/li>\n<li>il Cinquecento<\/li>\n<li>parlo Francese e Inglese<\/li>\n<li>E&#8217; arrivato il momento<\/li>\n<li>la chiesa di San Domenico (= the building in Siena)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. I promessi sposi (capital only on first word, book title) \u00b7 2. Buongiorno, Signor Rossi (direct address, title takes capital) \u00b7 3. \u2713 il Cinquecento (century capitalised) \u00b7 4. parlo francese e inglese (languages lowercase) \u00b7 5. \u00c8 arrivato il momento (accented capital, no apostrophe shortcut) \u00b7 6. \u2713 la chiesa di San Domenico (church as building, lowercase)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian capitalization rules<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One table, the whole system. Print it and keep it next to your keyboard for the first weeks of writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Category<\/th><th>Capital?<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Start of sentence<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Greta arriva. Mauro la aspetta.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Proper names (people, cities)<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Greta, Mauro, Siena, Toscana<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Days of the week<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>luned\u00ec, marted\u00ec, domenica<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Months and seasons<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>gennaio, luglio, primavera<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Languages<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>italiano, inglese, francese<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nationality (adjective)<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>il vino italiano, una citt\u00e0 francese<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Compass direction<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>vado a nord, viene da est<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Compass as region name<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>il Nord Italia, il Sud-est<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Title + surname (description)<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>il signor Rossi \u00e8 arrivato<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Title in direct address<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Buongiorno, Signor Rossi<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Holidays<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Natale, Pasqua, Ferragosto<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Centuries \/ historical events<\/td><td>Yes (first word)<\/td><td>il Cinquecento, il Risorgimento<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Acronyms<\/td><td>Yes (all or first letter)<\/td><td>ASL or Asl, ONU or Onu<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Stato \/ Chiesa (institution)<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>lo Stato italiano, la Chiesa cattolica<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Book \/ film title<\/td><td>Yes (first word)<\/td><td>I promessi sposi, La vita \u00e8 bella<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Newspaper title<\/td><td>Yes (all main words)<\/td><td>Il Corriere della Sera<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Reverential Lei in formal letters<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Le scrivo, Suo, chiederLe<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Accented capitals (no apostrophe)<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>\u00c8 vero, \u00c0 domani<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialog\">Dialog: Greta and Mauro before the Palio<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greta and Mauro meet on the morning of 2 July in Piazza del Campo. Greta is writing a postcard to her cousin in Germany and asks Mauro for a quick spelling check. Every capitalization rule from the guide above shows up at least once.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-cap\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Greta:<\/strong> Mauro, scrivo \u00abluned\u00ec 2 luglio\u00bb con la elle minuscola, vero?<br><em>Mauro, I write &#8220;luned\u00ec 2 luglio&#8221; with a lowercase l, right?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Mauro:<\/strong> S\u00ec, giorni e mesi sempre minuscoli. Anche \u00abluglio\u00bb con la l piccola.<br><em>Yes, days and months are always lowercase. Even &#8220;luglio&#8221; with a small l.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Greta:<\/strong> Poi scrivo \u00abil Palio si corre in Piazza del Campo\u00bb. La p di piazza \u00e8 grande?<br><em>Then I write &#8220;il Palio si corre in Piazza del Campo&#8221;. Is the p in piazza capital?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Mauro:<\/strong> \u00abPalio\u00bb s\u00ec, \u00e8 un nome proprio. \u00abPiazza del Campo\u00bb ha tutte le iniziali grandi, \u00e8 il nome ufficiale. Anche \u00abContrada del Drago\u00bb con la d grande.<br><em>&#8220;Palio&#8221; yes, it&#8217;s a proper name. &#8220;Piazza del Campo&#8221; has all initials capital, it&#8217;s the official name. Also &#8220;Contrada del Drago&#8221; with a capital d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Greta:<\/strong> Mia cugina \u00e8 tedesca. Scrivo \u00abmia cugina \u00e8 Tedesca\u00bb o \u00abtedesca\u00bb?<br><em>My cousin is German. Do I write &#8220;mia cugina \u00e8 Tedesca&#8221; or &#8220;tedesca&#8221;?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Mauro:<\/strong> Minuscola: \u00abtedesca\u00bb. Le nazionalit\u00e0 in italiano stanno piccole. Anche le lingue: \u00abparla inglese e italiano\u00bb.<br><em>Lowercase: &#8220;tedesca&#8221;. Nationalities in Italian go small. Languages too: &#8220;parla inglese e italiano&#8221;.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Greta:<\/strong> E al signor Rossi devo scrivere \u00abBuongiorno, signor Rossi\u00bb o \u00abSignor Rossi\u00bb?<br><em>And for Mr. Rossi, do I write &#8220;Buongiorno, signor Rossi&#8221; or &#8220;Signor Rossi&#8221;?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Mauro:<\/strong> Se lo saluti direttamente, \u00abSignor\u00bb con la esse grande. Se invece scrivi \u00abho visto il signor Rossi al bar\u00bb, la esse \u00e8 piccola.<br><em>If you greet him directly, &#8220;Signor&#8221; with a capital s. But if you write &#8220;I saw Mr. Rossi at the bar&#8221;, the s is small.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Greta:<\/strong> Ultima cosa: la prima parola della frase comincia con la \u00c8 accentata. Posso scrivere \u00abE&#8217;\u00bb con l&#8217;apostrofo?<br><em>One last thing: the first word of the sentence begins with accented \u00c8. Can I write &#8220;E'&#8221; with the apostrophe?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Mauro:<\/strong> No, sulla cartolina mai. Scrivi \u00ab\u00c8 bellissimo qui\u00bb. L&#8217;apostrofo \u00e8 solo per messaggi veloci sul telefono.<br><em>No, on the postcard never. Write &#8220;\u00c8 bellissimo qui&#8221;. The apostrophe is only for quick messages on the phone.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Greta:<\/strong> Grazie. Ora la cartolina \u00e8 pronta per Pasqua&#8230; pardon, per il Palio!<br><em>Thanks. Now the postcard is ready for Easter&#8230; sorry, for the Palio!<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Run through the dialogue once more and notice the pattern: lowercase for days, months, languages, nationalities, descriptive titles; capital for proper names, place names, holidays, direct address. The italian capitalization rules become muscle memory after writing five or six real postcards or emails with them in mind.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-challenge-cap\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge.<\/strong> Write five sentences about your next weekend using the italian capitalization rules: one with a day of the week (lowercase), one with a month (lowercase), one with a city (capital), one with a language (lowercase), and one with a title of address (capital). Read it out loud once and check each capital.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take the quiz below to test what you&#8217;ve learned about the italian capitalization rules.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-cap\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center;padding:30px;color:#888\"><em>        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_29\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. 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? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You scored <span>0<\/span> out of <span>0<\/span> points, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" >\n                <h4>Categories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"429\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Lowercase or capital?<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"98\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Spot the correct sentence<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Let&#8217;s strengthen the foundations on this topic.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>10-Lesson Package<\/strong> gives you ten focused 55-minute sessions with a native teacher, at your own pace.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">10-Lesson Package<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"10-Lesson Package\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Get the 10-Lesson Package &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Solid base. Let&#8217;s build on it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>weekly 1:1 lesson<\/strong> gives you the rhythm and the personalised feedback to turn what you know into what you say automatically.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Weekly 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Weekly 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Book a Weekly 1:1 lesson &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Great work. You&#8217;re ready for the group.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> In the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> you&#8217;ll move from solid grammar to live conversation.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! You nailed it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> Step into the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> to turn accurate Italian into fluent Italian.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Lowercase or capital?<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Type the correctly written word. Remember: in Italian, days, months, languages and nationalities stay lowercase; holidays, centuries and proper names take a capital.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"color:#888;\">If your keyboard has no Italian accents, type an apostrophe instead: <code>e'<\/code> for <code>\u00e8<\/code>, <code>lunedi'<\/code> for <code>luned\u00ec<\/code>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6978\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ul><li>Renzo lavora il (Luned\u00ec, luned\u00ec) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(luned\u00ec, lunedi')<\/span><\/span> e il gioved\u00ec.<br><br><em>Renzo works on Mondays and Thursdays.<\/em><\/li><li>(E', \u00c8) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00c8, E')<\/span><\/span> bello il mosaico bizantino di Ravenna.<br><br><em>The Byzantine mosaic in Ravenna is beautiful.<\/em><\/li><li>Nadia parla bene il (francese, Francese) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(francese)<\/span><\/span>.<br><br><em>Nadia speaks French well.<\/em><\/li><li>A (natale, Natale) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(Natale)<\/span><\/span> Nadia torna a Cervia.<br><br><em>At Christmas Nadia goes back to Cervia.<\/em><\/li><li>Il mosaico \u00e8 del (Cinquecento, cinquecento) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(Cinquecento)<\/span><\/span>.<br><br><em>The mosaic is from the sixteenth century.<\/em><\/li><li>Buongiorno, (Signor, signor) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(Signor)<\/span><\/span> Fabbri, ecco il giornale.<br><br><em>Good morning, Mr. Fabbri, here is the newspaper.<\/em><\/li><li>Il (Dottor, dottor) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(dottor)<\/span><\/span> Galli abita a Faenza.<br><br><em>Dr. Galli lives in Faenza.<\/em><\/li><li>Renzo ha una macchina (tedesca, Tedesca) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(tedesca)<\/span><\/span>.<br><br><em>Renzo has a German car.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>8 out of 8. The casing rules are clear to you.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Quick recap of the casing:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 0 18px; padding:0;\">\n<li>days and months: <em>luned\u00ec<\/em>, <em>luglio<\/em> (lowercase)<\/li>\n<li>languages and nationality adjectives: <em>francese<\/em>, <em>tedesca<\/em> (lowercase)<\/li>\n<li>holidays and centuries: <em>Natale<\/em>, <em>Cinquecento<\/em> (capital)<\/li>\n<li>a title used to address someone: <em>Signor Fabbri<\/em> (capital); a title describing someone: <em>il dottor Galli<\/em> (lowercase)<\/li>\n<li>accented capital at the start: <em>\u00c8 bello<\/em>, never <em>E&#8217;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Four things stay lowercase in Italian where English uses a capital: <strong>days<\/strong> (luned\u00ec), <strong>months<\/strong> (luglio), <strong>languages<\/strong> (francese), <strong>nationalities<\/strong> (tedesca). Holidays (Natale) and centuries (Cinquecento) take a capital.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                                                    <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><\/div>\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Spot the correct sentence<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>In each set of three, select the ONE sentence with correct capitalization.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6979\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Luned\u00ec 2 Luglio comincia la festa a Ravenna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Luned\u00ec 2 luglio comincia la festa a Ravenna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> luned\u00ec 2 luglio comincia la festa a Ravenna.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> Nadia parla inglese e sua madre \u00e8 tedesca.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Nadia parla Inglese e sua madre \u00e8 Tedesca.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> Nadia parla inglese e sua madre \u00e8 Tedesca.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> Buongiorno, signor Fabbri, ecco il giornale.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> Buongiorno, Signor fabbri, ecco il giornale.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> Buongiorno, Signor Fabbri, ecco il giornale.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> A pasqua Nadia studia il risorgimento.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> A Pasqua Nadia studia il Risorgimento.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> A Pasqua Nadia studia il Risorgimento a Scuola.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> Renzo legge I Promessi Sposi in treno.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> Renzo legge i promessi sposi in treno.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> Renzo legge I promessi sposi in treno.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> La chiesa di San Vitale \u00e8 a Ravenna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> La Chiesa di San Vitale \u00e8 a Ravenna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_29_6979\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> La chiesa di san Vitale \u00e8 a Ravenna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>6 out of 6. You caught every casing trap.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Three traps that catch English speakers:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 0 18px; padding:0;\">\n<li>book titles take a capital on the <em>first word only<\/em>: <em>I promessi sposi<\/em>, not <em>I Promessi Sposi<\/em><\/li>\n<li>months and nationalities stay lowercase: <em>2 luglio<\/em>, <em>tedesca<\/em><\/li>\n<li>a church building is lowercase: <em>la chiesa di San Vitale<\/em>, while the institution is capital: <em>la Chiesa cattolica<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Read each option for the small casing difference. The English instinct to capitalize every word of a title (<em>I Promessi Sposi<\/em>) or to capitalize a month (<em>2 Luglio<\/em>) is wrong in Italian. Only one sentence in each set follows the Italian rule.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                                                    <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><\/div>\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                            <div>\n                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"wpProQuiz_pageLeft\"\n                           data-text=\"Page %d\"\n                           style=\"float: left; display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\">\n                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"wpProQuiz_pageRight\"\n                           data-text=\"Page %d\"\n                           style=\"float: right; display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\">\n\n                                            <input type=\"button\" name=\"checkSingle\"\n                               value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right;\">\n                    \n                    <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_29',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 29,\n                    mode: 3,\n                    globalPoints: 14,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"429\":8,\"98\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"6978\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":6978,\"catId\":429,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"luned\\u00ec\",\"lunedi'\"],[\"\\u00e8\",\"e'\"],[\"francese\"],[\"natale\"],[\"cinquecento\"],[\"signor\"],[\"dottor\"],[\"tedesca\"]]},\"6979\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":6979,\"catId\":98,\"points\":[0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0],\"correct\":[0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        <\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:36px;color:#ab2227;margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-family:Georgia,serif\">\u00a7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Six questions about the italian capitalization rules come up in every A1 cohort. Where the answer touches a contested point, this section draws on the Accademia della Crusca <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/uso-delle-maiuscole-e-minuscole\/58\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consulenza on the use of capital and lowercase letters<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Do I capitalize days of the week and months in Italian?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. Days (luned\u00ec, marted\u00ec, sabato, domenica) and months (gennaio, luglio, dicembre) are always lowercase in Italian, even in dates and headings. The italian capitalization rules treat them as common nouns, not proper names. You only capitalize them when they begin a sentence: Luned\u00ec comincia la festa. Seasons follow the same rule: primavera, estate, autunno, inverno, always lowercase.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Should I write italiano or Italiano?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Lowercase: italiano. The names of languages stay lowercase in Italian (italiano, inglese, francese, spagnolo, cinese, tedesco). Adjectives of nationality also stay lowercase (il vino italiano, una citt\u00e0 francese), and nouns referring to people in the plural follow (gli italiani, i tedeschi). Only the country name itself takes a capital: l&#8217;Italia, la Francia, il Giappone. This is the single most common error English speakers make with the italian capitalization rules.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is it il Signor Rossi or il signor Rossi?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Both, depending on position. When you describe someone in the third person, lowercase: il signor Rossi \u00e8 arrivato, il dottor Bianchi lavora qui. When you address the person directly (when you address the person), capital: Buongiorno, Signor Rossi; Grazie, Dottoressa. The position test: can you remove the title and still address the person? If yes, capital. If the title is part of a description (il signor Rossi), lowercase. Abbreviated forms keep the capital regardless: Sig. Rossi, Dott. Bianchi.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is Stato sometimes capitalized and sometimes not?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The capital distinguishes the institution from the everyday meaning. Stato with a capital = the nation, the State as a political body (lo Stato italiano paga le pensioni). Lowercase stato = condition, state of mind (sono in uno stato confusionale, \u00e8 stato un anno difficile). The same rule applies to Chiesa (the Church as a community) vs chiesa (a church building), Borsa (the Stock Exchange) vs borsa (a bag), Camera (the lower house of parliament) vs camera (a room). When in doubt, ask if the word names an institution or a generic object.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Do I need to capitalize accented letters like \u00c8 and \u00c0?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, always. Italian, unlike French, does not allow you to drop accents from capital letters. \u00c8, \u00c0, \u00c9, \u00cc, \u00d2, \u00d9 all keep their accents when capitalized. The apostrophe shortcut E&#8217; is a typewriter substitute, accepted only in plain-text messages and informal chat. In any printed or published writing, you must use the proper accented capital. On a Mac, hold the vowel key for the pop-up; on Windows, use Alt codes or the character map.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When do I use Lei with a capital L?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>In formal correspondence: business letters, emails to professors or officials, official requests. The capital Lei (and the matching La, Le, Suo, chiederLe) is called maiuscola di rispetto and signals deference to the person addressed. Example: Gentile Avvocato, Le scrivo per chiederLe un appuntamento. In informal emails, text messages, and everyday writing, plain lowercase lei and suo are now the modern default. The one strict rule: once you start with the capital in a letter, keep it throughout. Mixing Le scrivo with le mando in the same text looks careless.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three guides that pair with the italian capitalization rules, plus an institutional reference on capital letter usage.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-dates-il-14-gennaio\/\">Italian Dates: How to Say Il 14 Gennaio<\/a>: the full pattern for writing dates, with months kept lowercase.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-formal-lei\/\">Italian Formal Lei: When to Switch Register<\/a>: when to use the polite Lei and when the reverential capital is required.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/le-parole-sdrucciole-stress-italian-words\/\">Italian Word Stress: Sdrucciole, Piane, Tronche<\/a>: how stress and accent marks work, with notes on the accented capitals.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/uso-delle-maiuscole-e-minuscole\/58\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Accademia della Crusca: Uso delle maiuscole e minuscole<\/a>: institutional consulenza on capital letter usage in Italian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d In short. The italian capitalization rules look familiar at first, then surprise English speakers. Italian capitalizes proper names, place names, holidays (Natale), centuries (Cinquecento), and acronyms (ASL). It does not capitalize days (luned\u00ec), months (gennaio), languages (italiano), or nationalities (francese). Titles flip: il signor Rossi (mid-sentence) vs Signor Rossi (direct address). A1 guide with Siena Palio dialogue.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1863],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-a1","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60744"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60744\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61982,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60744\/revisions\/61982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}