{"id":60557,"date":"2026-05-29T05:47:32","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T20:47:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=60557"},"modified":"2026-05-30T18:57:28","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T09:57:28","slug":"italian-short-pronouns-mi-lo-ti-la","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-short-pronouns-mi-lo-ti-la\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Lo, La, Mi, Ti: Short Pronouns Made Easy (A1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> Italian has a set of Italian short pronouns that hug the verb: <em>mi, ti, lo, la, ci, vi, li, le<\/em> for the direct slot (me, you, him\/her\/it, us, you, them) and <em>mi, ti, gli, le, ci, vi, gli<\/em> for the indirect slot (to me, to you, to him, to her, to us, to you, to them). They sit right before the verb in normal sentences. <em>Lo vedo<\/em> means &#8220;I see him.&#8221; <em>Le scrivo<\/em> means &#8220;I write to her.&#8221; They glue onto the end of an infinitive: <em>voglio vederlo<\/em> means &#8220;I want to see him.&#8221; Get these Italian short pronouns under your belt and your Italian moves from beginner sentences to natural everyday speech with confident Italian short pronouns in every line.<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-sp\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#why-short\">Why Italian needs short pronouns<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#direct-set\">The direct set: lo, la, li, le, mi, ti, ci, vi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#indirect-set\">The indirect set: gli, le, mi, ti, ci, vi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#position\">Where the pronoun goes: before the verb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#infinitive\">With an infinitive: it sticks to the end<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#contractions\">When lo and la become l&#8217;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#comparison-table\">English to Italian: side-by-side table<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialogue\">Dialogue: Elena introduces Bruno to her family in Genova<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mini-challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-short\">Why Italian needs short pronouns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walk into any bar in Genova and listen to the locals order a coffee. You&#8217;ll hear short, fast sentences: <em>lo prendo io<\/em>, <em>me lo porti?<\/em>, <em>te lo lascio qui<\/em>. Those one-letter and two-letter words doing all the heavy lifting are the Italian short pronouns. The Italian short pronouns are everywhere in spoken Genovese, Milanese, and Romanesco. Every regional flavour leans on them. They&#8217;re the workhorses of everyday speech. Without them, every conversation would sound like a beginner&#8217;s textbook, with full noun phrases repeated again and again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The basic idea behind the Italian short pronouns is simple. When you talk about something already known, Italian doesn&#8217;t repeat the noun. It swaps it for one of the Italian short pronouns and tucks that pronoun right next to the verb. The result is faster, lighter speech. Compare the long version with the short one: <em>Vedo Bruno tutti i giorni<\/em> (&#8220;I see Bruno every day&#8221;) becomes <em>Lo vedo tutti i giorni<\/em> (&#8220;I see him every day&#8221;). One little word, <em>lo<\/em>, does the whole job. The Italian short pronouns work exactly like the English ones (him, her, them, me, you), but they sit in a different place in the sentence, which is the trick beginners need to master first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are two families to know: the <strong>direct set<\/strong> (the one that catches the action of the verb, like the English him, her, it, them) and the <strong>indirect set<\/strong> (the one with &#8220;to&#8221; built in, like to him, to her, to them). Most of the short pronouns are shared between the two families; only a handful change. We&#8217;ll meet both sets in this guide and learn how to spot which one a verb needs. By the end, you&#8217;ll handle <em>lo vedo<\/em>, <em>le scrivo<\/em>, and <em>voglio vederlo<\/em> without thinking twice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"direct-set\">The direct set: lo, la, li, le, mi, ti, ci, vi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The direct short pronouns replace the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. In English you&#8217;d say &#8220;him, her, it, them, me, you, us.&#8221; Verbs like <em>vedere<\/em> (to see), <em>conoscere<\/em> (to know), <em>chiamare<\/em> (to call), <em>aspettare<\/em> (to wait for), <em>capire<\/em> (to understand) take a direct object, so they use this set. Here are the forms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Person<\/th><th>Italian short pronoun<\/th><th>English<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr><td>1st singular<\/td><td>mi<\/td><td>me<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>2nd singular<\/td><td>ti<\/td><td>you (informal)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>3rd singular masc.<\/td><td>lo<\/td><td>him \/ it<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>3rd singular fem.<\/td><td>la<\/td><td>her \/ it<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>1st plural<\/td><td>ci<\/td><td>us<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>2nd plural<\/td><td>vi<\/td><td>you (plural)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>3rd plural masc.<\/td><td>li<\/td><td>them (m.)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>3rd plural fem.<\/td><td>le<\/td><td>them (f.)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now let&#8217;s see these Italian short pronouns at work in real sentences with everyday Italian short pronouns choices. Notice how each one steps in for a noun that has already been mentioned or is clear from the situation:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vedi quella casa in fondo alla strada? S\u00ec, <strong>la<\/strong> vedo bene.<br><em>Do you see that house at the end of the street? Yes, I see it well.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mangi spesso la cioccolata? S\u00ec, <strong>la<\/strong> mangio quasi tutti i giorni.<br><em>Do you often eat chocolate? Yes, I eat it almost every day.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Quando vedrai Stefania? <strong>La<\/strong> vedr\u00f2 domani pomeriggio.<br><em>When will you see Stefania? I&#8217;ll see her tomorrow afternoon.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Dove compri di solito i tuoi vestiti? <strong>Li<\/strong> compro in quel negozio.<br><em>Where do you usually buy your clothes? I buy them at that shop.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Quando prenderai le ferie quest&#8217;anno? <strong>Le<\/strong> prender\u00f2 in luglio.<br><em>When will you take your holidays this year? I&#8217;ll take them in July.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Bruno, <strong>ti<\/strong> aspetto al porto alle sette.<br><em>Bruno, I&#8217;ll wait for you at the harbour at seven.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mamma, <strong>mi<\/strong> accompagni in macchina?<br><em>Mum, will you drive me?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ragazzi, <strong>vi<\/strong> chiamo io stasera.<br><em>Guys, I&#8217;ll call you tonight.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A quick gender check for these Italian short pronouns. The third-person forms agree with the noun they replace. If the thing or person is masculine singular, you reach for <em>lo<\/em>. If feminine singular, <em>la<\/em>. If masculine plural (or a mixed group), <em>li<\/em>. If only feminine plural, <em>le<\/em>. So <em>il libro<\/em> (&#8220;the book&#8221;) becomes <em>lo leggo<\/em>, <em>la rivista<\/em> (&#8220;the magazine&#8221;) becomes <em>la leggo<\/em>, <em>i libri<\/em> becomes <em>li leggo<\/em>, <em>le riviste<\/em> becomes <em>le leggo<\/em>. Once the agreement clicks, the rest follows on its own.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-sp-1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task.<\/strong> Replace the underlined noun with the right Italian short pronoun. Pick from the Italian short pronouns set we&#8217;ve seen above.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Conosco <u>Elena<\/u> da molti anni.<\/li>\n<li>Aspetto <u>i miei amici<\/u> al bar.<\/li>\n<li>Compro <u>la focaccia<\/u> ogni mattina.<\/li>\n<li>Salutiamo <u>i nonni<\/u> ogni domenica.<\/li>\n<li>Studio <u>l&#8217;italiano<\/u> da sei mesi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>La conosco da molti anni.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2. <em>Li aspetto al bar.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>3. <em>La compro ogni mattina.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>4. <em>Li salutiamo ogni domenica.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>5. <em>Lo studio da sei mesi.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"indirect-set\">The indirect set: gli, le, mi, ti, ci, vi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some Italian verbs don&#8217;t take a direct object, and that&#8217;s where the indirect Italian short pronouns enter the picture: they take an indirect one, marked in the long version by the preposition <em>a<\/em> (&#8220;to&#8221;). Think of verbs like <em>telefonare<\/em> (to phone), <em>scrivere<\/em> (to write to someone), <em>rispondere<\/em> (to answer), <em>parlare<\/em> (to speak to), <em>regalare<\/em> (to give as a gift), <em>piacere<\/em> (to be pleasing), <em>chiedere<\/em> (to ask). When the person you&#8217;re phoning, writing to, or speaking with is already known, you swap the <em>a<\/em>-phrase for an indirect form among the Italian short pronouns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Person<\/th><th>Italian short pronoun<\/th><th>English<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr><td>1st singular<\/td><td>mi<\/td><td>to me<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>2nd singular<\/td><td>ti<\/td><td>to you (informal)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>3rd singular masc.<\/td><td>gli<\/td><td>to him<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>3rd singular fem.<\/td><td>le<\/td><td>to her<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>1st plural<\/td><td>ci<\/td><td>to us<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>2nd plural<\/td><td>vi<\/td><td>to you (plural)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>3rd plural<\/td><td>gli<\/td><td>to them<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice that four of the seven forms (<em>mi, ti, ci, vi<\/em>) look exactly like the direct set. Only the third-person Italian short pronouns change: <em>gli<\/em> for &#8220;to him&#8221; and &#8220;to them,&#8221; and <em>le<\/em> for &#8220;to her.&#8221; That overlap in the Italian short pronouns family is good news for beginners. You only need to focus on the third-person split, and the rest of the Italian short pronouns simply repeat across both sets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are the Italian indirect short pronouns in action, with verbs that naturally take &#8220;to someone&#8221; in English. Watch the Italian short pronouns gli and le doing the work:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Domani telefoneremo a Franca \u2192 Domani <strong>le<\/strong> telefoneremo.<br><em>Tomorrow we&#8217;ll phone Franca \u2192 Tomorrow we&#8217;ll phone her.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Domani telefoneremo a Franco \u2192 Domani <strong>gli<\/strong> telefoneremo.<br><em>Tomorrow we&#8217;ll phone Franco \u2192 Tomorrow we&#8217;ll phone him.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Che cosa regalate a Paolo e Silvia? <strong>Gli<\/strong> regaliamo una bella lampada.<br><em>What are you giving Paolo and Silvia as a gift? We&#8217;re giving them a nice lamp.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Che cosa dirai a tuo fratello? <strong>Gli<\/strong> racconter\u00f2 quello che \u00e8 successo.<br><em>What will you tell your brother? I&#8217;ll tell him what happened.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Quando scriverai a Luigi? <strong>Gli<\/strong> scriver\u00f2 appena avr\u00f2 un po&#8217; di tempo.<br><em>When will you write to Luigi? I&#8217;ll write to him as soon as I have a bit of time.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Antonio ha lasciato la sua ragazza perch\u00e9 non <strong>gli<\/strong> piaceva pi\u00f9.<br><em>Antonio left his girlfriend because he didn&#8217;t like her anymore.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Bruno, <strong>ti<\/strong> piace la focaccia genovese?<br><em>Bruno, do you like Genoese focaccia?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ragazzi, <strong>vi<\/strong> spiego una cosa importante.<br><em>Guys, let me explain something important to you.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The simplest way to spot whether a verb wants the direct or the indirect Italian short pronouns is to think about the English structure. If you&#8217;d say &#8220;to him, to her, to them&#8221; in English, the Italian verb takes the indirect short pronoun. If you&#8217;d say &#8220;him, her, them&#8221; with no &#8220;to,&#8221; the verb takes the direct one. <em>Vedere<\/em> takes a direct object (you see her, not &#8220;you see to her&#8221;), so <em>la vedo<\/em>. <em>Telefonare<\/em> takes an indirect one in Italian (you phone &#8220;to her&#8221;), so <em>le telefono<\/em>. The English-Italian map isn&#8217;t always perfect, but for everyday verbs it works well at the A1 level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"position\">Where the pronoun goes: before the verb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the rule beginners stumble over the most. In English we say &#8220;I see him,&#8221; with the pronoun after the verb. In Italian, the short pronoun goes <strong>before<\/strong> the verb in normal sentences, and that placement is the trademark of Italian short pronouns: <em>Lo vedo<\/em>. Word for word, that&#8217;s &#8220;him I-see.&#8221; Same logic for every example you&#8217;ve met so far: <em>la mangio<\/em>, <em>li compro<\/em>, <em>le prender\u00f2<\/em>, <em>gli telefoneremo<\/em>. The little pronoun hugs the verb from the left and never sits alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This pre-verb position holds for all the basic tenses an A1 student will use: present, future, imperfect, conditional. Look at these examples and notice how the Italian short pronoun always sits right in front of the verb, no matter the tense:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lo<\/strong> compro stamattina.<br><em>I&#8217;m buying it this morning.<\/em> (present)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lo<\/strong> comprer\u00f2 domani.<br><em>I&#8217;ll buy it tomorrow.<\/em> (future)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lo<\/strong> compravo ogni settimana.<br><em>I used to buy it every week.<\/em> (imperfect)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lo<\/strong> comprerei volentieri.<br><em>I&#8217;d happily buy it.<\/em> (conditional)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same pre-verb position holds when the sentence is negative. The <em>non<\/em> sits before the short pronoun, and the pronoun stays right next to the verb: <em>non lo vedo<\/em> (&#8220;I don&#8217;t see him&#8221;), <em>non le scrivo<\/em> (&#8220;I&#8217;m not writing to her&#8221;), <em>non ti capisco<\/em> (&#8220;I don&#8217;t understand you&#8221;). Three words, fixed order, every time. This pre-verb home is the default position for Italian short pronouns in any conjugated sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"infinitive\">With an infinitive: it sticks to the end<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There&#8217;s one common situation where the Italian short pronouns move to the other side of the verb. When the verb is an infinitive (the dictionary form, ending in -are, -ere, -ire), the pronoun glues onto the end and the final -e of the infinitive drops away. Watch what happens to <em>vedere<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>vedere + lo \u2192 veder<strong>lo<\/strong><br><em>to see him \/ it<\/em><\/li>\n<li>vedere + la \u2192 veder<strong>la<\/strong><br><em>to see her \/ it<\/em><\/li>\n<li>chiamare + ti \u2192 chiamar<strong>ti<\/strong><br><em>to call you<\/em><\/li>\n<li>scrivere + gli \u2192 scriver<strong>gli<\/strong><br><em>to write to him \/ to them<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You&#8217;ll meet this pattern of Italian short pronouns constantly with the helper verbs <em>volere<\/em> (to want), <em>potere<\/em> (can), <em>dovere<\/em> (must), <em>sapere<\/em> (to know how). They take an infinitive after them, and the short pronoun has two homes to choose from: before the helper verb, or stuck to the infinitive. Both are correct and mean the same thing. Italians use them interchangeably:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Luca \u00e8 in citt\u00e0 e <strong>lo<\/strong> voglio vedere. \/ Luca \u00e8 in citt\u00e0 e voglio veder<strong>lo<\/strong>.<br><em>Luca is in town and I want to see him.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Bruno \u00e8 in difficolt\u00e0 e <strong>lo<\/strong> devo aiutare. \/ Bruno \u00e8 in difficolt\u00e0 e devo aiutar<strong>lo<\/strong>.<br><em>Bruno&#8217;s in trouble and I have to help him.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Paola, <strong>ti<\/strong> posso fare una domanda? \/ Paola, posso far<strong>ti<\/strong> una domanda?<br><em>Paola, can I ask you a question?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Vedo che la macchina \u00e8 sporca: <strong>la<\/strong> devo lavare. \/ devo lavar<strong>la<\/strong>.<br><em>I see the car is dirty: I have to wash it.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The infinitive-attached form is especially common when the infinitive carries the main idea of the sentence on its own, with no helper verb in sight. After <em>per<\/em> (&#8220;in order to&#8221;), after <em>prima di<\/em> (&#8220;before&#8221;), and in short phrases like <em>\u00e8 bello rivederti<\/em> (&#8220;it&#8217;s nice to see you again&#8221;), the short pronoun always sits at the end of the infinitive. The pre-verb spot simply isn&#8217;t available without a conjugated verb to lean on, so Italian short pronouns slide to the end and attach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"contractions\">When lo and la become l&#8217;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One more small habit to pick up about Italian short pronouns. When <em>lo<\/em> or <em>la<\/em> stands right before a verb that starts with a vowel, the pronoun usually drops its own vowel and links up with an apostrophe. This is especially common before forms of <em>avere<\/em> (<em>ho, hai, ha, abbiamo, hanno<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ho comprato il libro \u2192 <strong>L&#8217;<\/strong>ho comprato.<br><em>I bought the book \u2192 I bought it.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ho comprato una rivista \u2192 <strong>L&#8217;<\/strong>ho comprata.<br><em>I bought a magazine \u2192 I bought it.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Hai mangiato la torta? S\u00ec, <strong>l&#8217;<\/strong>ho mangiata.<br><em>Did you eat the cake? Yes, I ate it.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Chi ha il giornale di stamattina? <strong>L&#8217;<\/strong>ha il professor Magni.<br><em>Who has this morning&#8217;s paper? Mr Magni has it.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two side notes for plurals among the Italian short pronouns. The plural forms <em>li<\/em> and <em>le<\/em> never drop their vowel: you always write <em>li ho visti<\/em>, <em>le ho viste<\/em>, not &#8220;l&#8217;ho visti.&#8221; And the indirect <em>gli<\/em> doesn&#8217;t usually drop its vowel either, except before the letter <em>i<\/em>. So you&#8217;ll see and hear <em>gli ho scritto<\/em>, <em>gli abbiamo parlato<\/em> spelled out in full.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One agreement detail to flag, because A1 learners notice it early. In the past tense with <em>avere<\/em>, the past participle agrees with a direct-object short pronoun in gender and number: <em>l&#8217;ho comprata<\/em> (feminine), <em>li ho comprati<\/em> (masculine plural), <em>le ho comprate<\/em> (feminine plural). With the first and second person (<em>mi, ti, ci, vi<\/em>) the agreement is optional in modern Italian, so don&#8217;t sweat it at this stage. We&#8217;ll come back to this point about Italian short pronouns in the past-tense guides.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-sp-2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task.<\/strong> Pick the right Italian short pronoun: direct (lo\/la\/li\/le) or indirect (gli\/le). Both groups of Italian short pronouns are fair game.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Telefono a Bruno tutte le sere. \u2192 Telefono ____ tutte le sere.<\/li>\n<li>Vedo Elena ogni mattina al bar. \u2192 ____ vedo ogni mattina al bar.<\/li>\n<li>Scrivo una mail a mia sorella. \u2192 ____ scrivo una mail.<\/li>\n<li>Aspettiamo i nonni alla stazione. \u2192 ____ aspettiamo alla stazione.<\/li>\n<li>Vuoi parlare a tuo padre? \u2192 Vuoi parlar____?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>Gli telefono tutte le sere.<\/em> (telefonare a \u2192 indirect)<\/p>\n<p>2. <em>La vedo ogni mattina al bar.<\/em> (vedere \u2192 direct)<\/p>\n<p>3. <em>Le scrivo una mail.<\/em> (scrivere a \u2192 indirect, feminine)<\/p>\n<p>4. <em>Li aspettiamo alla stazione.<\/em> (aspettare \u2192 direct, masc. plural)<\/p>\n<p>5. <em>Vuoi parlargli?<\/em> (parlare a \u2192 indirect, attached to the infinitive)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"comparison-table\">English to Italian: side-by-side table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here&#8217;s the full picture of the Italian short pronouns matched to their English counterparts, with a short sample sentence for each. This is the master table of Italian short pronouns you&#8217;ll come back to. Print it, stick it on your fridge, or copy it into your notebook. This table covers almost every situation an A1 student needs in everyday speech:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>English<\/th><th>Italian short form<\/th><th>Example sentence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr><td>me<\/td><td>mi (direct + indirect)<\/td><td><em>Mi chiami stasera?<\/em> &#8220;Will you call me tonight?&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>you (sing., informal)<\/td><td>ti (direct + indirect)<\/td><td><em>Ti aspetto al porto.<\/em> &#8220;I&#8217;ll wait for you at the harbour.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>him \/ it (masc.)<\/td><td>lo (direct)<\/td><td><em>Lo conosco bene.<\/em> &#8220;I know him well.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>her \/ it (fem.)<\/td><td>la (direct)<\/td><td><em>La vedo domani.<\/em> &#8220;I&#8217;ll see her tomorrow.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>to him<\/td><td>gli (indirect)<\/td><td><em>Gli telefono ogni domenica.<\/em> &#8220;I phone him every Sunday.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>to her<\/td><td>le (indirect)<\/td><td><em>Le scrivo una mail.<\/em> &#8220;I write her an email.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>us<\/td><td>ci (direct + indirect)<\/td><td><em>Ci aspettano al ristorante.<\/em> &#8220;They&#8217;re waiting for us at the restaurant.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>you (plural)<\/td><td>vi (direct + indirect)<\/td><td><em>Vi chiamo stasera.<\/em> &#8220;I&#8217;ll call you (all) tonight.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>them (m. \/ mixed)<\/td><td>li (direct)<\/td><td><em>Li conosco da anni.<\/em> &#8220;I&#8217;ve known them for years.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>them (f.)<\/td><td>le (direct)<\/td><td><em>Le compro al mercato.<\/em> &#8220;I buy them at the market.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>to them<\/td><td>gli (indirect)<\/td><td><em>Gli regalo dei fiori.<\/em> &#8220;I give them some flowers as a gift.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice that the Italian short pronouns <em>mi, ti, ci, vi<\/em> do double duty: they cover both direct and indirect meanings. Only the third-person pronouns (<em>lo, la, li, le<\/em> vs <em>gli, le<\/em>) ask you to choose. That&#8217;s a huge shortcut: most of the short pronoun system is shared between the two sets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Rule<\/th><th>Example<\/th><th>What it shows<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr><td>Direct = receives the action<\/td><td><em>Lo vedo.<\/em><\/td><td>&#8220;vedere&#8221; takes a direct pronoun<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Indirect = &#8220;to someone&#8221;<\/td><td><em>Gli telefono.<\/em><\/td><td>&#8220;telefonare a&#8221; takes an indirect pronoun<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Normal position: before verb<\/td><td><em>Mi chiama domani.<\/em><\/td><td>pronoun + verb<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>With infinitive: after, joined<\/td><td><em>Voglio vederlo.<\/em><\/td><td>pronoun glued to infinitive (-e drops)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>With modal + infinitive: two spots<\/td><td><em>Lo devo fare<\/em> \/ <em>Devo farlo<\/em><\/td><td>both correct, same meaning<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Lo \/ la \u2192 l&#8217; before vowel verb<\/td><td><em>L&#8217;ho visto.<\/em><\/td><td>elision, especially with avere<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Past participle agrees with direct pronoun<\/td><td><em>L&#8217;ho comprata. Le ho viste.<\/em><\/td><td>gender + number agreement<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialogue\">Dialogue: Elena introduces Bruno to her family in Genova<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bruno is taking the train from Padova to Genova for the weekend, and the Italian short pronouns will fly in their phone call. He&#8217;s about to meet Elena&#8217;s parents for the first time. The phone call below is fully natural: short and warm, with the Italian short pronouns doing the heavy work in every turn. Look at how often the Italian short pronouns <em>ti, lo, la, le, gli<\/em> appear, and notice the rhythm those Italian short pronouns give to natural speech.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-sp\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb3 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Bruno, ciao! Sei gi\u00e0 sul treno?<br><em>Bruno, hi! Are you already on the train?<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Bruno:<\/strong> S\u00ec, sto arrivando. Tra un&#8217;ora sono a Genova. Mi vieni a prendere alla stazione?<br><em>Yes, I&#8217;m on my way. I&#8217;ll be in Genova in an hour. Will you come and pick me up at the station?<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb3 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Certo che ti vengo a prendere. Ti aspetto al binario uno. Hai con te il regalo per mia madre?<br><em>Of course I&#8217;ll come pick you up. I&#8217;ll wait for you at platform one. Do you have the gift for my mother with you?<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Bruno:<\/strong> S\u00ec, l&#8217;ho messo nello zaino stamattina. Le piacer\u00e0, spero. \u00c8 un libro di cucina ligure.<br><em>Yes, I put it in my backpack this morning. She&#8217;ll like it, I hope. It&#8217;s a Ligurian cookbook.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb3 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Le piacer\u00e0 tantissimo, fidati. Cucina ogni domenica e le ricette nuove le adora. E mio padre? Gli hai preso qualcosa?<br><em>She&#8217;ll love it, trust me. She cooks every Sunday and she adores new recipes. And my dad? Did you get him something?<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Bruno:<\/strong> Gli ho preso una bottiglia di vino dei Colli Euganei. So che gli piace il rosso.<br><em>I got him a bottle of wine from the Euganean Hills. I know he likes red wine.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb3 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Perfetto. Lo apriremo a cena. Ah, mia nonna \u00e8 arrivata ieri da Lucca. Vuole conoscerti.<br><em>Perfect. We&#8217;ll open it at dinner. Oh, my grandma arrived yesterday from Lucca. She wants to meet you.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Bruno:<\/strong> Anche io voglio conoscerla. Mi hai parlato cos\u00ec tanto di lei.<br><em>I want to meet her too. You&#8217;ve told me so much about her.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb3 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> La troverai simpaticissima. Ti racconter\u00e0 tutte le storie della famiglia. Allora a tra poco, ti mando un messaggio quando sono in macchina.<br><em>You&#8217;ll find her really nice. She&#8217;ll tell you all the family stories. So, see you soon. I&#8217;ll text you when I&#8217;m in the car.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Bruno:<\/strong> Va bene, lo aspetto. A tra poco!<br><em>Okay, I&#8217;ll wait for it. See you soon!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Count the short pronouns Bruno and Elena use: <em>mi, ti, l&#8217;, le, gli, lo, la<\/em>. Eleven short turns, and the Italian short pronouns appear in nearly every line. The density of Italian short pronouns is what makes the conversation sound natural. That&#8217;s exactly the density you&#8217;ll hear in real Italian conversations. Once your ear picks them up, the rest of the sentence becomes much easier to follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mini-challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-final-sp\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge.<\/strong> Rewrite each sentence using the right Italian short pronoun in place of the underlined noun. Mix direct and indirect Italian short pronouns naturally.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compriamo <u>la focaccia<\/u> ogni mattina al forno sotto casa.<\/li>\n<li>Bruno scrive una mail <u>a Elena<\/u> tutte le sere.<\/li>\n<li>Vogliamo invitare <u>i tuoi genitori<\/u> a cena sabato.<\/li>\n<li>Devo chiamare <u>mia sorella<\/u> prima di partire.<\/li>\n<li>Elena regala un libro <u>a sua madre<\/u> per il compleanno.<\/li>\n<li>Conosci <u>quei ragazzi<\/u> del bar in centro?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>La compriamo ogni mattina al forno sotto casa.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2. <em>Bruno le scrive una mail tutte le sere.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>3. <em>Vogliamo invitarli a cena sabato.<\/em> \/ <em>Li vogliamo invitare a cena sabato.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>4. <em>Devo chiamarla prima di partire.<\/em> \/ <em>La devo chiamare prima di partire.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>5. <em>Elena le regala un libro per il compleanno.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>6. <em>Li conosci, quei ragazzi del bar in centro?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If three or more answers came out right on the first try, the Italian short pronouns are clicking. The Italian short pronouns become automatic with practice. Read the dialogue again out loud, then write five sentences of your own using the Italian short pronouns <em>lo, la, gli, le, mi, ti<\/em> from your daily routine. Real practice in real situations beats memorising tables every time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take the quiz below to test what you&#8217;ve learned about Italian short pronouns. Twelve questions on Italian short pronouns will lock in the position and the gender choice.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-sp60557\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_13\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_loadQuiz\">\n            <p>\n                Quiz is loading...            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_startOnlyRegisteredUser\">\n            <p>\n                \n    <div class=\"dante-quiz-login-box\">\n        <h2 class=\"dante-quiz-login-badge has-text-align-center\">Free Italian Quiz<\/h2>\n        <br>\n        <h3 class=\"dante-quiz-login-title has-text-align-center\">\"Italian Lo, La, Mi, Ti: Short Pronouns Made Easy (A1)\"<\/h3>\n        <p class=\"has-text-align-left\">\n            Sign up for free to try this quiz and get early access to new Italian lessons before anyone else.\n        <\/p>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-quiz-social-buttons\">\n                <div class=\"dante-login-form\">\n        <div class=\"dante-social-btns\">\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=google&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F60557\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#4285f4\" d=\"M22.56 12.25c0-.78-.07-1.53-.2-2.25H12v4.26h5.92c-.26 1.37-1.04 2.53-2.21 3.31v2.77h3.57c2.08-1.92 3.28-4.74 3.28-8.09z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#34a853\" d=\"M12 23c2.97 0 5.46-.98 7.28-2.66l-3.57-2.77c-.98.66-2.23 1.06-3.71 1.06-2.86 0-5.29-1.93-6.16-4.53H2.18v2.84C3.99 20.53 7.7 23 12 23z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#fbbc05\" d=\"M5.84 14.09c-.22-.66-.35-1.36-.35-2.09s.13-1.43.35-2.09V7.07H2.18C1.43 8.55 1 10.22 1 12s.43 3.45 1.18 4.93l2.85-2.22.81-.62z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#ea4335\" d=\"M12 5.38c1.62 0 3.06.56 4.21 1.64l3.15-3.15C17.45 2.09 14.97 1 12 1 7.7 1 3.99 3.47 2.18 7.07l3.66 2.84c.87-2.6 3.3-4.53 6.16-4.53z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Google            <\/a>\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=facebook&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F60557\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#1877f2\" d=\"M24 12.073c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.99 4.388 10.954 10.125 11.854v-8.385H7.078v-3.47h3.047V9.43c0-3.007 1.792-4.669 4.533-4.669 1.312 0 2.686.235 2.686.235v2.953H15.83c-1.491 0-1.956.925-1.956 1.874v2.25h3.328l-.532 3.47h-2.796v8.385C19.612 23.027 24 18.062 24 12.073z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Facebook            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-divider\"><span>or<\/span><\/div>\n        \n        <form class=\"dante-auth-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"nonce\" value=\"1f453332a3\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"redirect\" value=\"\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60557\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"show_register\" value=\"true\">\n            \n            <!-- HONEYPOT FIELD - Anti-Bot Protection -->\n            <div style=\"position: absolute; left: -9999px; top: -9999px; visibility: hidden;\">\n                <label for=\"website\">Website (leave blank)<\/label>\n                <input type=\"text\" name=\"website\" id=\"website\" value=\"\" autocomplete=\"off\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\">\n                <label>Email<\/label>\n                <input name=\"email\" type=\"email\" placeholder=\"your email address\" required id=\"email\">\n                <div class=\"dante-message\" id=\"email-message\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\" id=\"name-field\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <label>Full Name<\/label>\n                <input name=\"name\" type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Your full name\" id=\"name\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\">\n                <label>Password<\/label>\n                <input name=\"password\" type=\"password\" placeholder=\"Enter password\" required id=\"password\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-gdpr-section\" id=\"gdpr-field\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <label class=\"dante-checkbox-label\">\n                    <input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"gdpr\" id=\"gdpr\">\n                    <span class=\"dante-checkmark\"><\/span>\n                    I accept the <a href=\"\/eng\/terms\/\" target=\"_blank\">Terms<\/a> and <a href=\"\/eng\/privacy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Privacy Policy<\/a>                <\/label>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-message\" id=\"form-message\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n            \n            <button type=\"submit\" class=\"dante-btn-primary\" id=\"submit-btn\">Continue<\/button>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <script>\n    jQuery(function($) {\n        let mode = 'login';\n        let timeout;\n        \n        const texts = {\n            continue: 'Continue',\n            signIn: 'Sign In',\n            createAccount: 'Create Account',\n            enterPassword: 'Enter password',\n            enterYourPassword: 'Enter your password',\n            choosePassword: 'Choose a secure password',\n            emailPasswordRequired: 'Email and password are required',\n            nameRequired: 'Full name is required',\n            acceptTerms: 'Please accept Terms and Privacy Policy',\n            processing: '\u23f3 Processing...',\n            success: 'Success! Redirecting...'\n        };\n        \n        $('#email').on('input', function() {\n            const email = $(this).val();\n            const showReg = $('input[name=\"show_register\"]').val();\n            \n            clearTimeout(timeout);\n            \n            if (!email.includes('@')) {\n                resetForm();\n                return;\n            }\n            \n            timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n                $.post('https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php', {\n                    action: 'dante_check_email',\n                    email: email,\n                    nonce: $('input[name=\"nonce\"]').val()\n                }, function(r) {\n                    if (r.success) {\n                        if (r.data.exists) {\n                            setLoginMode();\n                        } else if (showReg === 'true') {\n                            setRegisterMode();\n                        } else {\n                            setLoginMode();\n                        }\n                    }\n                });\n            }, 800);\n        });\n        \n        function resetForm() {\n            $('#name-field, #gdpr-field').hide();\n            $('#submit-btn').text(texts.continue);\n            $('#password').attr('placeholder', texts.enterPassword);\n        }\n        \n        function setLoginMode() {\n            mode = 'login';\n            $('#name-field, #gdpr-field').hide();\n            $('#submit-btn').text(texts.signIn);\n            $('#password').attr('placeholder', texts.enterYourPassword);\n        }\n        \n        function setRegisterMode() {\n            mode = 'register';\n            $('#name-field, #gdpr-field').show();\n            $('#submit-btn').text(texts.createAccount);\n            $('#password').attr('placeholder', texts.choosePassword);\n        }\n        \n        function showMessage(message, type = 'error') {\n            const messageDiv = $('#form-message');\n            messageDiv.removeClass('dante-success dante-error').addClass('dante-' + type);\n            messageDiv.text(message).show();\n            setTimeout(() => messageDiv.hide(), 5000);\n        }\n        \n        $('.dante-auth-form').on('submit', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            \n            const email = $('#email').val();\n            const password = $('#password').val();\n            const name = $('#name').val();\n            const gdpr = $('#gdpr').is(':checked');\n            const redirect = $('input[name=\"redirect\"]').val();\n            \n            if (!email || !password) {\n                showMessage(texts.emailPasswordRequired);\n                return;\n            }\n            \n            if (mode === 'register') {\n                if (!name) {\n                    showMessage(texts.nameRequired);\n                    return;\n                }\n                if (!gdpr) {\n                    showMessage(texts.acceptTerms);\n                    return;\n                }\n            }\n            \n            $('#submit-btn').prop('disabled', true).text(texts.processing);\n            $('#form-message').hide();\n            \n            $.post('https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php', {\n                action: 'dante_process_auth',\n                mode: mode,\n                email: email,\n                password: password,\n                name: name,\n                redirect: redirect,\n                website: $('#website').val(),\n                nonce: $('input[name=\"nonce\"]').val()\n            }, function(r) {\n                if (r.success) {\n                    showMessage(texts.success, 'success');\n                    setTimeout(() => window.location.href = r.data.redirect, 1000);\n                } else {\n                    showMessage(r.data);\n                    $('#submit-btn').prop('disabled', false).text(mode === 'login' ? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You scored <span>0<\/span> out of <span>0<\/span> points, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" >\n                <h4>Categories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"439\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Choosing the right pronoun<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"98\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Spot the correct sentence<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Let&#8217;s strengthen the foundations on this topic.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>10-Lesson Package<\/strong> gives you ten focused 55-minute sessions with a native teacher, at your own pace.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">10-Lesson Package<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"10-Lesson Package\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Get the 10-Lesson Package &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Solid base. Let&#8217;s build on it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>weekly 1:1 lesson<\/strong> gives you the rhythm and the personalised feedback to turn what you know into what you say automatically.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Weekly 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Weekly 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Book a Weekly 1:1 lesson &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Great work. You&#8217;re ready for the group.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> In the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> you&#8217;ll move from solid grammar to live conversation.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Your result &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! You nailed it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> Step into the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> to turn accurate Italian into fluent Italian.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Lo, la, mi or ti?<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Read each little scene and pick the pronoun that fits.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7015\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <ul><li>Scrivo il messaggio adesso e (la, lo, mi) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(lo)<\/span><\/span> invio tra cinque minuti.<br><br><em>I'm writing the message now and I'll send it in five minutes.<\/em><\/li><li>Questa torta \u00e8 buonissima: (la, lo, mi) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(la)<\/span><\/span> finisco tutta io.<br><br><em>This cake is delicious: I'm finishing it all myself.<\/em><\/li><li>Marco, se hai bisogno di una mano, (lo, la, ti) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ti)<\/span><\/span> aiuto volentieri.<br><br><em>Marco, if you need a hand, I'll gladly help you.<\/em><\/li><li>Parla pi\u00f9 forte, per favore: con questo rumore non (ti, mi, lo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ti)<\/span><\/span> sento.<br><br><em>Speak louder please: with this noise I can't hear you.<\/em><\/li><li>Il caff\u00e8 di questo bar \u00e8 ottimo, (la, lo, mi) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(lo)<\/span><\/span> prendo ogni mattina.<br><br><em>The coffee at this bar is great, I have it every morning.<\/em><\/li><li>Aspettami all'uscita della metro, (ti, la, mi) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(mi)<\/span><\/span> trovi l\u00ec alle otto.<br><br><em>Wait for me at the metro exit, you'll find me there at eight.<\/em><\/li><li>Questa canzone mi piace tanto, (lo, la, ti) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(la)<\/span><\/span> ascolto in continuazione.<br><br><em>I love this song, I listen to it over and over.<\/em><\/li><li>Non capisco questo esercizio: (la, mi, lo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(lo)<\/span><\/span> puoi spiegare di nuovo?<br><br><em>I don't understand this exercise: can you explain it again?<\/em><\/li><li>Se Anna telefona mentre sono fuori, (la, lo, ti) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(la)<\/span><\/span> saluti da parte mia?<br><br><em>If Anna calls while I'm out, will you say hi to her for me?<\/em><\/li><li>Giulia, ho una cosa da dirti: (mi, ti, lo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"2\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ti)<\/span><\/span> chiamo stasera dopo cena.<br><br><em>Giulia, I have something to tell you: I'll call you tonight after dinner.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>All ten right. You&#8217;ve got lo, la, mi and ti down.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>lo = it\/him (masc.), la = it\/her (fem.), mi = me, ti = you. They sit before the conjugated verb: <em>lo prendo<\/em>, not <em>prendo lo<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p><strong>lo\/la<\/strong> replace a thing or person already named (il caff\u00e8 \u2192 lo). <strong>mi\/ti<\/strong> mean me\/you. The pronoun goes <em>before<\/em> the verb.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Spot the correct sentence<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>In each group, pick the ONE sentence where the pronoun is right.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"7016\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> La pizza \u00e8 pronta, lo porto in tavola subito.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> La pizza \u00e8 pronta, porto la in tavola subito.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> La pizza \u00e8 pronta, la porto in tavola subito.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> Ti chiamo appena arrivo a casa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Chiamo ti appena arrivo a casa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> Lo chiamo te appena arrivo a casa.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> Il giornale \u00e8 sul divano, la leggo dopo cena.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> Il giornale \u00e8 sul divano, lo leggo dopo cena.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> Il giornale \u00e8 sul divano, leggo lo dopo cena.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> Scusa, in questa foto non ti vedo bene.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> Scusa, in questa foto non vedo ti bene.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> Scusa, in questa foto non lo vedo te bene.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> La macchina \u00e8 sporca, lo lavo domenica mattina.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> La macchina \u00e8 sporca, la lavo lei domenica.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> La macchina \u00e8 sporca, la lavo domenica mattina.<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> Aspetta Giulia un attimo, lo accompagno io alla stazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> Aspetta Giulia un attimo, l'accompagno io alla stazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_13_7016\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> Aspetta Giulia un attimo, accompagno la io alla stazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Six out of six. Clean work.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>The pronoun matches the thing it replaces (la pizza \u2192 la) and goes before the verb. Before a vowel, lo\/la become l&#8217;: <em>l&#8217;accompagno<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Two traps: wrong gender (lo for a feminine thing) and wrong position (the pronoun after the verb).<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_13',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 13,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 16,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"439\":10,\"98\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"7015\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":7015,\"catId\":439,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"lo\"],[\"la\"],[\"ti\"],[\"ti\"],[\"lo\"],[\"mi\"],[\"la\"],[\"lo\"],[\"la\"],[\"ti\"]]},\"7016\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":7016,\"catId\":98,\"points\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0],\"correct\":[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These questions about Italian short pronouns come up again and again in beginner conversations and on language forums where Italian short pronouns confuse even motivated learners. The full forms and uses of these pronouns are documented in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/pronomi-personali_(La-grammatica-italiana)\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani entry on Italian personal pronouns<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-sp-q1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What&#8217;s the difference between &#8216;lo vedo&#8217; and &#8216;vedo lui&#8217;?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Lo vedo is the everyday way to say &#8216;I see him.&#8217; The short pronoun lo sits before the verb and the sentence sounds neutral, just sharing the information. Vedo lui uses the stressed long form lui and adds emphasis: it&#8217;s him I see, not someone else. You&#8217;d use vedo lui when you want to contrast or correct: &#8216;Vedo lui, non te&#8217; (I see him, not you). For normal speech, stick with lo vedo. The stressed form is reserved for emphasis or contrast.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sp-q2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Where do I put the Italian short pronoun: before or after the verb?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>In normal sentences with a conjugated verb (present, past, future, imperfect, conditional), the Italian short pronoun goes before the verb: lo vedo, la chiamo, gli scrivo, ti aspetto. With an infinitive (the dictionary form ending in -are, -ere, -ire), the pronoun attaches to the end and the final -e drops: vederlo, chiamarla, scrivergli. With modal verbs like volere, potere, dovere followed by an infinitive, you have two options that mean the same thing: lo voglio vedere or voglio vederlo. Pick whichever feels natural and you&#8217;ll be understood.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sp-q3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When does &#8216;lo&#8217; or &#8216;la&#8217; become &#8216;l&#8221;?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The third-person singular pronouns lo and la usually drop their vowel and become l&#8217; when the next word is a verb starting with a vowel. This is especially common before forms of avere (ho, hai, ha, abbiamo, hanno): l&#8217;ho visto (I saw him), l&#8217;ha comprata (he\/she bought it), l&#8217;abbiamo chiamato (we called him). The plural forms li and le never contract: you always write li ho visti, le ho viste. The same elision happens occasionally with other vowel-starting verbs, but it&#8217;s optional and not always written in modern Italian.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sp-q4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is it &#8216;le telefono&#8217; (to her) but &#8216;la vedo&#8217; (I see her)?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Because the two verbs take different kinds of object. Vedere takes a direct object: in English you &#8216;see her,&#8217; with no &#8216;to.&#8217; So you use the direct short pronoun la: la vedo. Telefonare takes an person receiving in Italian: literally &#8216;to phone to her.&#8217; So you use the indirect short pronoun le: le telefono. The same split happens with many common verbs: scrivere a, parlare a, rispondere a, regalare a all take indirect pronouns (gli, le, mi, ti, ci, vi), while vedere, chiamare, aspettare, conoscere take direct ones (lo, la, li, le, mi, ti, ci, vi).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sp-q5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I use &#8216;gli&#8217; for both &#8216;to him&#8217; and &#8216;to them&#8217;?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, and that&#8217;s the modern standard. In everyday spoken and written Italian, gli covers both &#8216;to him&#8217; (singular) and &#8216;to them&#8217; (plural, masculine or feminine or mixed). The older form for &#8216;to them&#8217; was loro, placed after the verb (parlo loro), but it now sounds formal or even archaic in most contexts. You&#8217;ll still see loro in legal, bureaucratic, or very formal writing, but in normal speech every Italian says gli parlo for &#8216;I&#8217;m talking to them.&#8217; For an A1 student, gli is the safe choice for both singular and plural &#8216;to them.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sp-q6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Do I need to add the agreement on the past participle?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>With direct-object short pronouns in the past tense with avere, yes for the third person. The past participle changes ending to match the pronoun: l&#8217;ho comprato (masc. sing.), l&#8217;ho comprata (fem. sing.), li ho comprati (masc. pl.), le ho comprate (fem. pl.). With first and second person (mi, ti, ci, vi), the agreement is optional in modern Italian, so both Paola, ti ho invitato and Paola, ti ho invitata are fine. With indirect-object pronouns (gli, le), there&#8217;s never any agreement: the participle stays in the default masculine singular form. So it&#8217;s gli ho scritto and le ho scritto regardless of who you wrote to.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-stressed-pronouns\/\">Italian Stressed Pronouns: Me, Te, Lui vs Mi, Ti, Lo Explained<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/pronomi-diretti-italian-object-pronouns-podcast\/\">Italian Direct Object Pronouns: Audio Examples and Practice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/combining-italian-direct-and-indirect-pronouns-pronomi-combinati-quiz\/\">Italian Combined Pronouns: Pronomi Combinati Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-pronouns-modal-verbs\/\">Italian Pronouns with Modal Verbs: Lo Devo Fare or Devo Farlo?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/pronomi-personali_(La-grammatica-italiana)\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani: pronomi personali<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d In short. Italian short pronouns mi, ti, lo, la, gli, le, ci, vi hug the verb. Direct vs indirect, position, and elision explained for A1 learners.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1863,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-a1","category-lingua","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60557"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61985,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60557\/revisions\/61985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60557"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}