{"id":59924,"date":"2026-05-13T20:07:58","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T11:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=59924"},"modified":"2026-05-27T00:46:00","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T15:46:00","slug":"italian-reduced-relatives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-reduced-relatives\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Una Lettera Arrivata: Reduced Relatives (B2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An Italian novelist writes <em>la lettera arrivata stamattina<\/em>, not <em>la lettera che \u00e8 arrivata stamattina<\/em>. A journalist in Padova reports on <em>gli studenti coinvolti nella protesta<\/em>, not <em>gli studenti che sono stati coinvolti nella protesta<\/em>. A teacher returns a stack of <em>i compiti corretti la settimana scorsa<\/em>. In each case the past participle does the work of a full relative clause. Welcome to <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong>, one of the quiet markers of fluent, native-like Italian writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide takes <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong> from textbook example to everyday confidence at the B2 level. You&#8217;ll learn which relative clauses can shrink to a past participle, why agreement still matters, the small set of verbs that allow the shortcut, and the few situations where the full <em>che + verb<\/em> clause is the safer choice. By the end you&#8217;ll spot the pattern in any Italian newspaper and write it yourself without hesitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-rr\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">&#x1F446;&#x1F3FB;<br>Jump to sections<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#one-liner\">Italian reduced relatives in one line<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#rule\">The rule: drop &#8220;che \u00e8&#8221; and keep the past participle<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#which-verbs\">Which verbs allow the shortcut<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#agreement\">Agreement: gender and number stay<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#modifiers\">Adding time and place modifiers<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#tense\">No tense indicated: a feature, not a bug<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#clitic\">Clitics attached to the participle<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#exception\">Exception: essere itself does not reduce<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#vs-full\">When the full che clause is better<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#journalism\">In journalism, fiction, and academic writing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#vs-gerund\">Reduced relatives vs the gerund<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#mistakes\">Common mistakes<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#dialogue\">Dialogue: editing a magazine article<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Test yourself<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"one-liner\">Italian reduced relatives in one line<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Italian reduced relatives<\/strong> are relative clauses where the relative pronoun <em>che<\/em> and the auxiliary <em>essere<\/em> drop out, leaving just the past participle to modify the noun. The full <em>una lettera che \u00e8 arrivata ieri<\/em> becomes the more compact <em>una lettera arrivata ieri<\/em>. Same meaning, two fewer words, slightly higher register.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>il libro pubblicato l&#8217;anno scorso<\/em> (the book published last year):full: <em>il libro che \u00e8 stato pubblicato l&#8217;anno scorso<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>la signora seduta al tavolo<\/em> (the lady seated at the table):full: <em>la signora che \u00e8 seduta al tavolo<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>i bambini nati in Italia<\/em> (the children born in Italy):full: <em>i bambini che sono nati in Italia<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reduction works precisely when the relative clause is in the passive voice or built around <em>essere<\/em> + past participle. The past participle behaves like an adjective, agreeing with the noun it modifies in gender and number. Italian writers use this construction constantly because it tightens sentences without losing information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rule\">The rule: drop &#8220;che \u00e8&#8221; and keep the past participle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The mechanical rule is short. Take a relative clause of the form <em>che + essere + past participle<\/em>. Drop <em>che + essere<\/em>. Keep the past participle. The result is a reduced relative that modifies the same noun as the original full clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Full clause<\/th><th>Reduced relative<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><em>i ragazzi che sono partiti ieri<\/em><\/td><td><em>i ragazzi partiti ieri<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><em>la macchina che \u00e8 stata venduta<\/em><\/td><td><em>la macchina venduta<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><em>le foto che sono state scattate a Lecce<\/em><\/td><td><em>le foto scattate a Lecce<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><em>l&#8217;edificio che fu costruito nel 1920<\/em><\/td><td><em>l&#8217;edificio costruito nel 1920<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><em>la lettera che \u00e8 arrivata stamattina<\/em><\/td><td><em>la lettera arrivata stamattina<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The transformation works for both passive constructions (<em>che \u00e8 stato venduto<\/em> \u2192 <em>venduto<\/em>) and intransitive verbs with <em>essere<\/em> as auxiliary (<em>che \u00e8 arrivata<\/em> \u2192 <em>arrivata<\/em>). It doesn&#8217;t work for transitive verbs in active voice with <em>avere<\/em> (more on this in the next section). <strong>Italian reduced relatives<\/strong> live in the essere-based corner of the verb system.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-rr-1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task:<\/strong> Reduce each full relative clause to a participle phrase.<\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Il documento che \u00e8 stato firmato ieri.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Le valigie che sono state perse all&#8217;aeroporto.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I turisti che sono arrivati a Trieste.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>La parete che \u00e8 stata dipinta di rosso.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Gli ospiti che sono invitati al matrimonio.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>Il documento firmato ieri.<\/em><br>\n2. <em>Le valigie perse all&#8217;aeroporto.<\/em><br>\n3. <em>I turisti arrivati a Trieste.<\/em><br>\n4. <em>La parete dipinta di rosso.<\/em><br>\n5. <em>Gli ospiti invitati al matrimonio.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"which-verbs\">Which verbs allow the shortcut<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not every relative clause can shrink. <strong>Italian reduced relatives<\/strong> require one of two conditions: the verb is intransitive with <em>essere<\/em> as auxiliary (<em>arrivare, partire, nascere, morire, andare, venire<\/em>), or the clause is passive (<em>essere + past participle<\/em>). Transitive verbs in active voice with <em>avere<\/em> don&#8217;t reduce this way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <em>la lettera arrivata<\/em> (arrivare + essere, intransitive)<\/li>\n<li>\u2705 <em>la lettera scritta<\/em> (passive: che \u00e8 stata scritta \u2192 scritta)<\/li>\n<li>\u274c <em>la persona scritto<\/em> (writing the letter, active with avere: doesn&#8217;t reduce)<\/li>\n<li>\u2705 <em>i bambini nati<\/em> (nascere + essere)<\/li>\n<li>\u274c <em>i bambini visto<\/em> (vedere + avere, active: doesn&#8217;t reduce)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reason is grammatical. The reduced participle behaves like an adjective and must agree with the noun it modifies. In Italian, participles that are part of an <em>essere<\/em>-based construction (passive or intransitive with <em>essere<\/em>) already agree with the subject by default. Participles in active <em>avere<\/em>-based constructions don&#8217;t agree with the object in the same way. The agreement pattern dictates what can reduce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For active sentences with <em>avere<\/em>, you have to keep the full relative clause: <em>la lettera che ho scritto<\/em>, <em>i libri che hanno comprato<\/em>. The reduction is not available. To compress these, Italian uses a different construction: the relative with <em>che<\/em> stays, or sometimes a gerund or an explicit subject change makes the sentence more compact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"agreement\">Agreement: gender and number stay<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once you drop <em>che \u00e8<\/em>, the past participle takes on the agreement of an adjective. It must match the noun it modifies in gender and number. <em>Arrivato, arrivata, arrivati, arrivate<\/em>: four forms, the same rule as any Italian adjective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>il treno arrivato<\/em> (masc sg)<\/li>\n<li><em>la lettera arrivata<\/em> (fem sg)<\/li>\n<li><em>i pacchi arrivati<\/em> (masc pl)<\/li>\n<li><em>le mail arrivate<\/em> (fem pl)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Forgetting the agreement is the single most common B2 mistake with this construction. Learners trained to think of past participles as fixed verb forms write <em>le lettere arrivato<\/em> instead of <em>le lettere arrivate<\/em>. The fix is to treat the reduced participle exactly like an adjective: see the noun, match the ending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is confirmed in Italian usage: in <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong>, the past participle has been promoted from verb form to participial adjective. Agreement follows the noun, not the original verb pattern. The shift is visible at the morphology level and audible to native ears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"modifiers\">Adding time and place modifiers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reduced participle can pull along any time, place, or manner adverb that belonged to the original clause. Italian writers stack these modifiers comfortably to give a precise picture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>la lettera arrivata ieri<\/em> (time)<\/li>\n<li><em>gli studenti partiti per la gita<\/em> (purpose with preposition)<\/li>\n<li><em>il film girato a Cinecitt\u00e0<\/em> (place)<\/li>\n<li><em>la decisione presa rapidamente<\/em> (manner)<\/li>\n<li><em>i risultati pubblicati sul sito ufficiale<\/em> (place + qualifier)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The participle stays before the modifier and after the noun: <em>noun + past participle + modifier<\/em>. This word order is rigid. Putting the modifier before the participle (<em>la lettera ieri arrivata<\/em>) sounds either archaic or wrong, except in poetry and very literary prose where word order is deliberately inverted for effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tense\">No tense indicated: a feature, not a bug<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One subtle feature of <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong> is that the reduced form does not specify when the action happened. <em>La lettera arrivata stamattina<\/em> could come from <em>che \u00e8 arrivata<\/em> (passato prossimo), <em>che era arrivata<\/em> (trapassato), or <em>che fu arrivata<\/em> (passato remoto with essere is rare but possible). The reduction discards the tense and leaves only the lexical content of the participle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This makes the reduced form a flexible time-neutral package. A historical novel about Padova in the 1600s can use <em>la lettera arrivata in citt\u00e0<\/em> with the same words a modern WhatsApp can use about a letter that just landed. The narrative tense in the main clause carries the temporal anchor; the reduced relative borrows that anchor without re-stating it. Italian writers exploit this flexibility constantly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For learners the takeaway is small but useful. When you reduce, you lose the tense signal. If the tense matters for clarity (was it just now, or two years ago?), the full <em>che<\/em> clause with explicit verb tense is the better choice. If the tense is obvious from context or unimportant, the reduction is the cleaner, more elegant pick.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"clitic\">Clitics attached to the participle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A stylistically elegant variant of <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong> attaches a clitic pronoun directly to the past participle. Italian literary tradition includes examples like <em>iscrittisi al corso<\/em> (those who enrolled in the course), <em>i documenti mandatimi<\/em> (the documents sent to me), <em>la fotomodella ora datasi al cinema<\/em> (the model who has now devoted herself to cinema), and <em>un biglietto cadutole sulla scarpa<\/em> (a ticket that fell on her shoe).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>gli studenti iscrittisi al corso<\/em> (the students who enrolled in the course)<\/li>\n<li><em>i documenti mandatimi e che successivamente lessi<\/em> (the documents sent to me and which I subsequently read)<\/li>\n<li><em>la macchina vendutami da Lorenzo<\/em> (the car sold to me by Lorenzo)<\/li>\n<li><em>la lettera scrittagli durante la guerra<\/em> (the letter written to him during the war)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The clitic glues onto the end of the participle as it would on an infinitive or gerund. This pattern belongs to elevated written register: novels, biographies, official documents, academic writing. You won&#8217;t hear it in everyday conversation, but you will read it in any serious Italian text. Recognising the structure spares you a confusing moment when you encounter <em>iscrittisi<\/em> and your brain tries to parse it as a single strange word instead of <em>iscritti + si<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exception\">Exception: essere itself does not reduce<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One blanket restriction applies to <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong>: the verb <em>essere<\/em> itself cannot reduce. You cannot say <em>le ragazze state al mare<\/em> for <em>le ragazze che sono state al mare<\/em>. The participle <em>state<\/em> of <em>essere<\/em> resists this reduction even though it would seem to fit the pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reason is that <em>essere + stato<\/em> already functions as a compound tense form, and the participle <em>stato\/stata\/stati\/state<\/em> cannot also serve as a participial adjective the way <em>arrivato<\/em> or <em>partito<\/em> can. Italian speakers feel the form as a verb, not as a modifier, and the language refuses to compress it into a reduced relative. The correct version keeps the full clause: <em>le ragazze che sono state al mare<\/em> or rephrases entirely: <em>le ragazze tornate dal mare<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2705 <em>le ragazze tornate dal mare<\/em> (from <em>che sono tornate<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>\u274c <em>le ragazze state al mare<\/em> (the participle of <em>essere<\/em> can&#8217;t be reduced)<\/li>\n<li>\u2705 <em>le ragazze che sono state al mare<\/em> (keep the full clause)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vs-full\">When the full che clause is better<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reduction is optional in most cases. The full clause is never wrong. Italians choose the reduced form when they want concision and a slightly more formal register. They keep the full <em>che + essere + past participle<\/em> when they want emphasis, clarity, or a casual conversational tone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Spoken Italian often keeps the full clause: <em>la lettera che \u00e8 arrivata ieri<\/em> in conversation, <em>la lettera arrivata ieri<\/em> in a written report.<\/li>\n<li>When the participle is ambiguous (could be adjective or participle), the full clause clarifies: <em>la donna che \u00e8 stata arrestata<\/em> vs <em>la donna arrestata<\/em> (the second might be read as just an adjective).<\/li>\n<li>When you want to mark the time clearly with a tense distinction: <em>la lettera che era arrivata prima di te<\/em> (trapassato) preserves the time relation that the reduced form would lose.<\/li>\n<li>When the noun phrase has multiple modifiers competing for the participle slot, the full clause sorts out the ambiguity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A useful rule of thumb: if you&#8217;re writing, prefer <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong> for tighter prose. If you&#8217;re speaking or want to be explicit about tense, the full clause is safer. Both are correct; the choice signals register and emphasis. Italian high school grammar textbooks usually teach the reduction explicitly in the final years, treating it as a marker of mature writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"journalism\">In journalism, fiction, and academic writing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Italian newspapers depend on reduced relatives. A typical headline lead: <em>I deputati eletti il mese scorso hanno votato la riforma<\/em>. The reduced participle <em>eletti<\/em> covers what would otherwise be <em>che sono stati eletti<\/em>, saving four words. Multiply by every paragraph and you see why journalists love the construction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fiction uses reduced relatives to maintain narrative pace. Calvino, Tabucchi, Elena Ferrante all write <em>le parole pronunciate<\/em>, <em>i passi compiuti<\/em>, <em>i giorni trascorsi<\/em>. The participle compresses backstory and keeps the prose moving. The same applies to academic writing: <em>i risultati ottenuti<\/em>, <em>le analisi condotte<\/em>, <em>il campione studiato<\/em> are the standard way Italian academics signal completed actions in their methodology sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For learners aiming at C1 fluency, mastering <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong> is one of the visible jumps from B2 to advanced. Native readers notice immediately when a foreign writer rebuilds every <em>che + essere + participio<\/em> clause without reducing. The full form isn&#8217;t wrong but it sounds heavy and slightly non-native after the third or fourth instance in a row. A practical exercise: pick any paragraph you wrote in Italian, count the <em>che \u00e8 stato<\/em> or <em>che \u00e8 stata<\/em> sequences, and rewrite half of them as reduced participles. The paragraph immediately reads tighter and more idiomatic. Italian editors apply this reduction reflexively when revising student work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vs-gerund\">Reduced relatives vs the gerund<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Italian also reduces some relative clauses with a gerund instead of a past participle. The two reductions cover different aspects of meaning. The past participle marks a completed or passive action; the gerund marks an ongoing or simultaneous one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>la lettera arrivata<\/em> (past participle: the letter that has arrived, completed)<\/li>\n<li><em>la lettera in arrivo<\/em> (idiomatic: the letter on its way)<\/li>\n<li><em>il bambino seduto<\/em> (past participle: the seated child, state)<\/li>\n<li><em>il bambino piangendo<\/em> is wrong; <em>il bambino che piange<\/em> stays full<\/li>\n<li><em>una donna sorridente<\/em> (present participle as adjective: a smiling woman)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Italian gerunds rarely modify nouns directly the way English &#8220;-ing&#8221; forms do. For an active ongoing action, Italian keeps the full relative <em>che<\/em> clause or uses a present participle that has been lexicalised as an adjective (<em>sorridente, parlante, vivente, presente<\/em>). The reduced past participle is the productive shortcut; the present participle is mostly frozen into specific adjectives.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-rr-2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task:<\/strong> Decide whether the reduction is correct or if you need the full clause.<\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>I biglietti comprati online<\/em>:reduced from?<\/li>\n<li><em>La ragazza che ho conosciuto ieri<\/em>:can it reduce?<\/li>\n<li><em>Le case ristrutturate<\/em>:reduced from?<\/li>\n<li><em>Il bambino che piange<\/em>:can it reduce?<\/li>\n<li><em>I documenti firmati dal notaio<\/em>:reduced from?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>i biglietti che sono stati comprati online<\/em> (passive, reducible).<br>\n2. NO: active with avere (<em>che HO conosciuto<\/em>), doesn&#8217;t reduce. Keep full.<br>\n3. <em>le case che sono state ristrutturate<\/em> (passive, reducible).<br>\n4. NO: intransitive but uses <em>piangere<\/em> with avere when transitive, here the verb is intransitive but not essere-based in this construction. Keep <em>che piange<\/em>.<br>\n5. <em>i documenti che sono stati firmati dal notaio<\/em> (passive with explicit agent, reducible).<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mistakes\">Common mistakes with italian reduced relatives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three errors recur in B2 essays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Forgetting agreement.<\/strong> Writing <em>le lettere arrivato<\/em> instead of <em>le lettere arrivate<\/em>. The participle must agree in gender and number with the noun. This is the most visible mistake and the easiest fix: read the noun, match the ending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Reducing active avere clauses.<\/strong> Writing <em>la lettera scritto<\/em> for <em>la lettera che ho scritto<\/em>. Active transitive verbs with <em>avere<\/em> as auxiliary don&#8217;t reduce. Keep the full clause or rephrase using passive: <em>la lettera scritta da me<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Word order errors.<\/strong> Placing modifiers before the participle: <em>la lettera ieri arrivata<\/em>. The Italian order is <em>noun + participle + modifier<\/em>. Inverting it sounds archaic, often wrong. Stick to the standard order in modern prose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Italian reduced relatives at a glance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Question<\/th><th>Answer<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Basic pattern?<\/td><td>Drop <em>che \u00e8\/sono<\/em>, keep past participle: <em>che \u00e8 arrivata \u2192 arrivata<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Which verbs work?<\/td><td>Intransitive with <em>essere<\/em> (arrivare, nascere) + passive constructions (essere + participle)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Which verbs don&#8217;t?<\/td><td>Active transitive with <em>avere<\/em>: keep full clause<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Agreement?<\/td><td>Past participle agrees in gender and number like an adjective<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Word order?<\/td><td><em>noun + participle + modifier<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Where is it common?<\/td><td>Journalism, fiction, academic writing; less in casual speech<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Optional or required?<\/td><td>Optional; full clause never wrong, reduced version often preferred in writing<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialogue\">Dialogue: editing a magazine article in Bologna<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Silvia is the editor of a small cultural magazine in Bologna. Niccol\u00f2 is a freelance journalist whose article she&#8217;s revising. The conversation is full of <em>italian reduced relatives<\/em> because journalism leans on them constantly.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dlg-rr\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Silvia:<\/strong> <em>Niccol\u00f2, qui hai scritto \u00abgli artisti che sono stati invitati alla biennale\u00bb. Possiamo asciugare?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Niccol\u00f2:<\/strong> <em>\u00abGli artisti invitati alla biennale\u00bb. Hai ragione, suona meglio.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Silvia:<\/strong> <em>Esatto. E qui \u00able opere che sono arrivate dal museo di Padova\u00bb diventa?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Niccol\u00f2:<\/strong> <em>\u00abLe opere arrivate dal museo di Padova\u00bb. Quattro parole in meno.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Silvia:<\/strong> <em>Per\u00f2 questo no: \u00abla curatrice che ha selezionato i pezzi\u00bb. Qui c&#8217;\u00e8 &#8220;ha&#8221;, non &#8220;\u00e8&#8221;.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Niccol\u00f2:<\/strong> <em>Vero. Con &#8220;avere&#8221; non si pu\u00f2 ridurre, devo tenere la frase intera.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Silvia:<\/strong> <em>Oppure puoi girarla al passivo: \u00abi pezzi selezionati dalla curatrice\u00bb.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Niccol\u00f2:<\/strong> <em>Ottimo. Allora cambio la struttura della frase.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Silvia:<\/strong> <em>Perfetto. L&#8217;articolo ora scorre molto meglio.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three things to notice. Silvia and Niccol\u00f2 treat the reduction as a routine editing decision: when can I tighten this clause? They identify the active <em>avere<\/em> case where the shortcut is blocked. They reach for the passive transformation (<em>i pezzi selezionati dalla curatrice<\/em>) as an alternative way to compress an active clause. This is exactly how Italian editors think about prose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test yourself<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A short quiz on <strong>italian reduced relatives<\/strong>. Transform full clauses into reduced ones, spot the cases where the reduction is blocked, agree the participles. Six questions, no time limit.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-redrel\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_35\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_loadQuiz\">\n            <p>\n                Quiz is loading...            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_startOnlyRegisteredUser\">\n            <p>\n                \n    <div class=\"dante-quiz-login-box\">\n        <h2 class=\"dante-quiz-login-badge has-text-align-center\">Free Italian Quiz<\/h2>\n        <br>\n        <h3 class=\"dante-quiz-login-title has-text-align-center\">\"Italian Una Lettera Arrivata: Reduced Relatives (B2)\"<\/h3>\n        <p class=\"has-text-align-left\">\n            Sign up for free to try this quiz and get early access to new Italian lessons before anyone else.\n        <\/p>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-quiz-social-buttons\">\n                <div class=\"dante-login-form\">\n        <div class=\"dante-social-btns\">\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=google&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F59924\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#4285f4\" d=\"M22.56 12.25c0-.78-.07-1.53-.2-2.25H12v4.26h5.92c-.26 1.37-1.04 2.53-2.21 3.31v2.77h3.57c2.08-1.92 3.28-4.74 3.28-8.09z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#34a853\" d=\"M12 23c2.97 0 5.46-.98 7.28-2.66l-3.57-2.77c-.98.66-2.23 1.06-3.71 1.06-2.86 0-5.29-1.93-6.16-4.53H2.18v2.84C3.99 20.53 7.7 23 12 23z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#fbbc05\" d=\"M5.84 14.09c-.22-.66-.35-1.36-.35-2.09s.13-1.43.35-2.09V7.07H2.18C1.43 8.55 1 10.22 1 12s.43 3.45 1.18 4.93l2.85-2.22.81-.62z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#ea4335\" d=\"M12 5.38c1.62 0 3.06.56 4.21 1.64l3.15-3.15C17.45 2.09 14.97 1 12 1 7.7 1 3.99 3.47 2.18 7.07l3.66 2.84c.87-2.6 3.3-4.53 6.16-4.53z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Google            <\/a>\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=facebook&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F59924\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#1877f2\" d=\"M24 12.073c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.99 4.388 10.954 10.125 11.854v-8.385H7.078v-3.47h3.047V9.43c0-3.007 1.792-4.669 4.533-4.669 1.312 0 2.686.235 2.686.235v2.953H15.83c-1.491 0-1.956.925-1.956 1.874v2.25h3.328l-.532 3.47h-2.796v8.385C19.612 23.027 24 18.062 24 12.073z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Facebook            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-divider\"><span>or<\/span><\/div>\n        \n        <form class=\"dante-auth-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"nonce\" value=\"3fd9e18368\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"redirect\" value=\"\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59924\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"show_register\" value=\"true\">\n            \n            <!-- HONEYPOT FIELD - Anti-Bot Protection -->\n            <div style=\"position: absolute; 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? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You scored <span>0<\/span> out of <span>0<\/span> points, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" >\n                <h4>Categories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"414\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Cloze: pick the past participle that agrees with the head noun<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"415\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Spot the natural reduced relative: agreement, avere, essere, word order, clitic<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Rinforziamo le basi su questo argomento.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Un <strong>Pacchetto da 10 Lezioni<\/strong> ti d&agrave; dieci sessioni di 55 minuti con un insegnante madrelingua, ai tuoi tempi.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Pacchetto 10 Lezioni<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Pacchetto 10 Lezioni\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri il Pacchetto 10 Lezioni &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottima base. Costruiamoci sopra.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Una <strong>lezione settimanale 1:1<\/strong> ti d&agrave; il ritmo e il feedback personalizzato per trasformare ci&ograve; che sai in italiano che parli senza pensarci.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Lezione settimanale 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Lezione settimanale 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Prenota una lezione 1:1 settimanale &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottimo lavoro. Sei pronto\/a per il gruppo.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong> ti porta nell&#8217;italiano vero, al ritmo dei madrelingua.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! Ce l&#8217;hai fatta.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Sei pronto\/a per <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong>, 100% in italiano.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Reduced relatives: gender and number on every participle<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Setting.<\/strong> Anna lavora alla biblioteca civica di Lecce, mentre Davide ripara biciclette d&rsquo;epoca in un laboratorio del centro storico, a due passi da piazza Sant&rsquo;Oronzo. In questi giorni si stanno organizzando per un trasloco verso una casa nuova in periferia, fra mostre al Castello Carlo V, festival di fotografia a Otranto, concerti di musica popolare salentina e qualche aperitivo nei bistrot di via Libertini. Le frasi di questa sezione mescolano vita quotidiana ed eventi del Salento, dove i participi al posto delle relative piene compaiono spontaneamente.<\/p>\n<p><em>Each sentence is a reduced relative. Pick the past-participle form that agrees in gender and number with the head noun. Rebuild the full clause (<strong>che + essere + PP<\/strong>) in your head if you are unsure.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6960\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ul><li>La lettera (arrivato, arrivata, arrivate) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(arrivata)<\/span><\/span> stamattina dal notaio contiene un'offerta inattesa per la casa di famiglia.<br><br><em>The letter arrived this morning from the notary contains an unexpected offer for the family house.<\/em><\/li><li>Davide ha caricato sul furgone gli scatoloni (etichettato, etichettate, etichettati) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(etichettati)<\/span><\/span> con cura per il trasloco verso la casa nuova in periferia.<br><br><em>Davide loaded onto the van the boxes carefully labelled for the move to the new house on the outskirts.<\/em><\/li><li>I libri (donati, donato, donate) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(donati)<\/span><\/span> alla biblioteca civica di Lecce dai vecchi insegnanti del liceo sono stati catalogati la settimana scorsa.<br><br><em>The books donated to Lecce's public library by the old high-school teachers were catalogued last week.<\/em><\/li><li>La torta (preparato, preparata, preparati) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(preparata)<\/span><\/span> per il compleanno di Anna dalla pasticceria di via Trinchese aspetta ancora di essere ritirata.<br><br><em>The cake prepared for Anna's birthday by the pastry shop on via Trinchese is still waiting to be picked up.<\/em><\/li><li>Le viti (ordinato, ordinati, ordinate) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ordinate)<\/span><\/span> alla ferramenta di piazza Mazzini non sono ancora arrivate al laboratorio dove Davide ripara biciclette d'epoca.<br><br><em>The screws ordered from the hardware shop in piazza Mazzini have not yet arrived at the workshop where Davide repairs vintage bicycles.<\/em><\/li><li>I turisti (partiti, partito, partite) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(partiti)<\/span><\/span> per Otranto in mattinata rientreranno solo a tarda sera dopo la visita al castello aragonese.<br><br><em>The tourists who left for Otranto in the morning will return only late in the evening after the visit to the Aragonese castle.<\/em><\/li><li>La mostra (allestito, allestiti, allestita) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(allestita)<\/span><\/span> al Castello Carlo V dai curatori del museo provinciale rester\u00e0 aperta fino a settembre.<br><br><em>The exhibition set up at Castello Carlo V by the curators of the provincial museum will remain open until September.<\/em><\/li><li>I taralli al finocchietto (preparato, preparati, preparate) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(preparati)<\/span><\/span> dal panificio storico di via Libertini accompagnano da sempre l'aperitivo nei bistrot del centro.<br><br><em>The fennel taralli prepared by the historic bakery on via Libertini have always accompanied the aperitivo in the cafes downtown.<\/em><\/li><li>Le riviste (restituite, restituito, restituita) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(restituite)<\/span><\/span> con due settimane di ritardo dagli utenti distratti comportano una piccola sanzione amministrativa.<br><br><em>The magazines returned two weeks late by distracted users incur a small administrative fine.<\/em><\/li><li>Il concerto di musica popolare salentina (organizzata, organizzato, organizzati) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(organizzato)<\/span><\/span> in piazza Sant'Oronzo dall'associazione culturale ha riempito tutto il centro storico.<br><br><em>The Salento folk-music concert organised in piazza Sant'Oronzo by the cultural association filled the whole historic centre.<\/em><\/li><li>La fotografa di paesaggi salentini (iscritto, iscritti, iscritta) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(iscritta)<\/span><\/span> al festival di Otranto in primavera ha vinto il premio del pubblico per la sezione bianco e nero.<br><br><em>The Salento-landscape photographer enrolled in the Otranto festival in spring won the audience prize in the black-and-white section.<\/em><\/li><li>I dischi di pasta lievitata (tagliati, tagliato, tagliata) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(tagliati)<\/span><\/span> con cura dal pizzaiolo dell'agriturismo finiscono nel forno a legna pochi minuti prima del servizio.<br><br><em>The discs of leavened dough cut carefully by the agriturismo pizzaiolo go into the wood oven only a few minutes before service.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>12 out of 12. You matched every participle to its head noun and rebuilt the full essere-clause behind the reduction.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>The twelve correct forms, each with the head noun and the reason for that ending:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><em>la lettera arrivata stamattina<\/em> &ndash; <em>lettera<\/em> is feminine singular, the participle of <em>arrivare<\/em> (intrans + essere) agrees as <em>arrivata<\/em>. Full clause: <em>la lettera che &egrave; arrivata<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>gli scatoloni etichettati con cura<\/em> &ndash; <em>scatoloni<\/em> is masculine plural, passive reduction from <em>che sono stati etichettati<\/em>, so <em>etichettati<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>i libri donati alla biblioteca<\/em> &ndash; <em>libri<\/em> masc plur; passive from <em>che sono stati donati<\/em>; the explicit agent <em>dai vecchi insegnanti<\/em> confirms the passive reading.<\/li>\n<li><em>la torta preparata per il compleanno<\/em> &ndash; <em>torta<\/em> fem sing, passive from <em>che &egrave; stata preparata<\/em>, so <em>preparata<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>le viti ordinate alla ferramenta<\/em> &ndash; <em>viti<\/em> fem plur, passive from <em>che sono state ordinate<\/em>, ending in <em>-e<\/em>. They are destined for the bicycle workshop, not yet arrived.<\/li>\n<li><em>i turisti partiti per Otranto<\/em> &ndash; <em>turisti<\/em> masc plur, <em>partire<\/em> intrans + essere, so <em>partiti<\/em>. Full: <em>che sono partiti<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>la mostra allestita al Castello Carlo V<\/em> &ndash; <em>mostra<\/em> fem sing, passive from <em>che &egrave; stata allestita<\/em>; explicit agent <em>dai curatori<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>i taralli al finocchietto preparati dal panificio<\/em> &ndash; <em>taralli<\/em> masc plur, passive from <em>che sono stati preparati<\/em>, so <em>preparati<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>le riviste restituite con due settimane di ritardo<\/em> &ndash; <em>riviste<\/em> fem plur, passive from <em>che sono state restituite<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>il concerto organizzato in piazza Sant&rsquo;Oronzo<\/em> &ndash; <em>concerto<\/em> masc sing, passive from <em>che &egrave; stato organizzato<\/em>; agent <em>dall&rsquo;associazione<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>la fotografa iscritta al festival di Otranto<\/em> &ndash; <em>fotografa<\/em> fem sing, <em>iscriversi<\/em> takes <em>essere<\/em>, so <em>iscritta<\/em>. Full: <em>che si &egrave; iscritta<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>i dischi di pasta tagliati con cura dal pizzaiolo<\/em> &ndash; <em>dischi<\/em> masc plur, passive from <em>che sono stati tagliati<\/em>; agent <em>dal pizzaiolo<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Glossary.<\/strong> <em>scatolone<\/em> = removal box; <em>ferramenta<\/em> = hardware shop; <em>ritirare<\/em> = to pick up, collect; <em>tarallo<\/em> = small savoury ring-shaped baked snack from Puglia; <em>allestire<\/em> = to set up (an exhibition, a stage); <em>raccomandata<\/em> = registered letter; <em>pizzaiolo<\/em> = pizza maker; <em>borsa di studio<\/em> = scholarship.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Two reflexes to pick the right past participle for a reduced relative:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><strong>Find the head noun.<\/strong> The participle behaves like an adjective: it must match the noun in <em>both<\/em> gender and number. <em>la lettera arrivata<\/em>, <em>il libro pubblicato<\/em>, <em>le mail spedite<\/em>, <em>i pacchi consegnati<\/em>. Read the noun, then pick the ending.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check the auxiliary mentally.<\/strong> A reducible clause always sits on <em>essere<\/em>: either passive (<em>che &egrave; stato + PP<\/em>) or intransitive with <em>essere<\/em> as auxiliary (<em>arrivare<\/em>, <em>partire<\/em>, <em>nascere<\/em>, <em>iscriversi<\/em>). If you can rebuild the full clause as <em>che + essere + PP<\/em>, the reduction is safe.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Six trios. In each, pick the natural Italian sentence.<\/h3>\n<p><em>Two sentences in every trio break one of five rules from the lesson: agreement (the participle must match the head noun in gender and number), <strong>avere<\/strong>-active clauses (cannot reduce), <strong>essere<\/strong> itself (cannot reduce), word order (<\/em><em>noun + participle + modifier<\/em>, rigid), or clitic position (the clitic glues onto the participle as one word). Pick the sentence a careful Italian writer would actually produce.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6961\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Le scatole arrivate stamattina al magazzino di Anna sono state portate subito nello studio del piano di sopra.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Le scatole arrivato stamattina al magazzino di Anna sono state portate subito nello studio del piano di sopra.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> Le scatole arrivati stamattina al magazzino di Anna sono state portate subito nello studio del piano di sopra.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> I documenti ieri firmati dal notaio nello studio di via Imperatore Adriano sono gi\u00e0 pronti per il ritiro in segreteria.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Firmati i documenti ieri dal notaio nello studio di via Imperatore Adriano sono gi\u00e0 pronti per il ritiro in segreteria.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> I documenti firmati ieri dal notaio nello studio di via Imperatore Adriano sono gi\u00e0 pronti per il ritiro in segreteria.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> I libri restituito in biblioteca la settimana scorsa dagli studenti del liceo erano in pessime condizioni dopo l'estate.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> I libri restituiti in biblioteca la settimana scorsa dagli studenti del liceo erano in pessime condizioni dopo l'estate.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> I libri che restituiti in biblioteca la settimana scorsa dagli studenti del liceo erano in pessime condizioni dopo l'estate.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> La lettera che Anna ha scritto al suo avvocato di Lecce \u00e8 arrivata oggi insieme a una raccomandata del comune.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> La lettera scritto da Anna al suo avvocato di Lecce \u00e8 arrivata oggi insieme a una raccomandata del comune.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> La lettera scritta Anna che al suo avvocato di Lecce \u00e8 arrivata oggi insieme a una raccomandata del comune.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> Le ragazze del coro state alla mostra al Castello Carlo V hanno apprezzato molto le sculture barocche del Cinquecento.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> Le ragazze del coro che sono state alla mostra al Castello Carlo V hanno apprezzato molto le sculture barocche del Cinquecento.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> Le ragazze del coro stato alla mostra al Castello Carlo V hanno apprezzato molto le sculture barocche del Cinquecento.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> I corridori iscritti si alla maratona di Lecce entro fine marzo riceveranno il pettorale e la sacca tecnica direttamente al villaggio della partenza.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> I corridori che iscrittisi alla maratona di Lecce entro fine marzo riceveranno il pettorale e la sacca tecnica direttamente al villaggio della partenza.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_35_6961\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> I corridori iscrittisi alla maratona di Lecce entro fine marzo riceveranno il pettorale e la sacca tecnica direttamente al villaggio della partenza.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Six out of six. You held agreement, auxiliary, word order and clitic position in mind together, and rejected the five distractor families across the set.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>The six natural sentences, with the trap each trio is designed to test:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><em>Le scatole arrivate stamattina al magazzino di Anna sono state portate subito nello studio del piano di sopra.<\/em> &ndash; AGREEMENT. <em>scatole<\/em> is feminine plural, so <em>arrivate<\/em> only. <em>arrivato<\/em> and <em>arrivati<\/em> break the match the reduced relative inherits from the head noun.<br \/><em>The boxes that arrived this morning at Anna&#8217;s storeroom were taken straight to the upstairs studio.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>La lettera che Anna ha scritto al suo avvocato di Lecce &egrave; arrivata oggi insieme a una raccomandata del comune.<\/em> &ndash; AVERE BLOCKED. Active <em>ha scritto<\/em> uses the auxiliary <em>avere<\/em>; reduction is unavailable. The full <em>che + ha scritto<\/em> clause stays. To compress, you would have to recast as passive: <em>la lettera scritta da Anna<\/em>.<br \/><em>The letter that Anna wrote to her lawyer in Lecce arrived today together with a registered letter from the town hall.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Le ragazze del coro che sono state alla mostra al Castello Carlo V hanno apprezzato molto le sculture barocche del Cinquecento.<\/em> &ndash; ESSERE BLOCKED. The verb <em>essere<\/em> resists the reduction even though the pattern looks right. Italian grammar treats <em>stato\/stata\/state<\/em> as a tense marker, not as a participial adjective.<br \/><em>The choir girls who went to the exhibition at Castello Carlo V really appreciated the Cinquecento Baroque sculptures.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I documenti firmati ieri dal notaio nello studio di via Imperatore Adriano sono gi&agrave; pronti per il ritiro in segreteria.<\/em> &ndash; WORD ORDER. The rigid template is <em>noun + participle + modifier<\/em>. Putting the modifier (<em>ieri<\/em>) before the participle is archaic; fronting the whole participle phrase changes the structure into an absolute clause.<br \/><em>The documents signed yesterday by the notary in his office on via Imperatore Adriano are already ready for collection at the office.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I corridori iscrittisi alla maratona di Lecce entro fine marzo riceveranno il pettorale e la sacca tecnica direttamente al villaggio della partenza.<\/em> &ndash; CLITIC. The reflexive clitic <em>si<\/em> attaches directly to the participle <em>iscritti<\/em>, written as one word. Splitting <em>iscritti si<\/em> or stacking <em>che<\/em> in front breaks the elevated written pattern.<br \/><em>Runners who signed up for the Lecce marathon by end of March will receive their bib and tech bag directly at the start village.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I libri restituiti in biblioteca la settimana scorsa dagli studenti del liceo erano in pessime condizioni dopo l&#8217;estate.<\/em> &ndash; PASSIVE OK + AGREEMENT. Full clause: <em>che sono stati restituiti<\/em>; the reduction drops <em>che sono stati<\/em> and leaves <em>restituiti<\/em>, masc plur to match <em>libri<\/em>. <em>restituito<\/em> breaks agreement; <em>che restituiti<\/em> is an ungrammatical hybrid.<br \/><em>The books returned to the library last week by the high-school students were in poor condition after the summer.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Glossary.<\/strong> <em>magazzino<\/em> = storeroom, warehouse; <em>raccomandata<\/em> = registered letter; <em>Castello Carlo V<\/em> = the sixteenth-century Charles V castle in central Lecce; <em>Cinquecento<\/em> = the sixteenth century, the Italian Renaissance label; <em>notaio<\/em> = notary; <em>iscriversi<\/em> = to enrol oneself (reflexive); <em>pettorale<\/em> = race bib; <em>sacca tecnica<\/em> = runner&#8217;s tech bag.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Five traps to spot the natural reduced relative in each trio:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><strong>Agreement first.<\/strong> The participle is now an adjective: <em>le scatole arrivate<\/em>, never <em>arrivato<\/em> or <em>arrivati<\/em>. If the ending doesn&#8217;t match the noun&#8217;s gender and number, eliminate the option.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Avere clauses don&#8217;t reduce.<\/strong> <em>La lettera che Anna ha scritto<\/em> stays full because the auxiliary is <em>avere<\/em>. Dropping the relative pronoun and the verb leaves nonsense. Only essere-based clauses (passive or intransitive with essere) reduce.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Essere itself doesn&#8217;t reduce.<\/strong> <em>le ragazze che sono state al mare<\/em> has to keep the full clause: the past participle of essere (<em>stato<\/em>, <em>stata<\/em>, <em>state<\/em>) cannot also function as a participial adjective.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Word order is rigid.<\/strong> <em>noun + participle + modifier<\/em>. <em>i documenti firmati ieri<\/em> is right; <em>i documenti ieri firmati<\/em> is archaic or wrong. A fronted participle (<em>Firmati i documenti&#8230;<\/em>) reads as an absolute construction, not a reduced relative.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Clitics glue onto the participle.<\/strong> <em>iscrittisi<\/em>, <em>mandatimi<\/em>, <em>cadutole<\/em> are one word, exactly as on an infinitive. Splitting them or stacking <em>che<\/em> on top breaks the construction.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_35',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 35,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 18,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"414\":12,\"415\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"6960\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":6960,\"catId\":414,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"arrivata\"],[\"etichettati\"],[\"donati\"],[\"preparata\"],[\"ordinate\"],[\"partiti\"],[\"allestita\"],[\"preparati\"],[\"restituite\"],[\"organizzato\"],[\"iscritta\"],[\"tagliati\"]]},\"6961\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":6961,\"catId\":415,\"points\":[1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1],\"correct\":[1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">FAQ on italian reduced relatives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Six questions B2 learners ask the first time they meet this construction.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-rr-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is the reduced form called &#8216;stylistically elegant&#8217;?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Italian writing tradition describes reduced relatives as a &#8216;stylistically elegant variant of the structure relative pronoun + essere + past participle&#8217;. The reduction involves apparent deletion of che + essere, leaving the past participle to function as a participial adjective. The label &#8216;stylistically elegant&#8217; signals the higher register: this is written, polished Italian, not casual conversation.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-rr-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why can&#8217;t the verb essere itself be reduced?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Because the participle of essere (stato, stata, stati, state) already operates as a compound tense marker and cannot also serve as a participial adjective. You cannot say le ragazze state al mare to mean le ragazze che sono state al mare. Italian grammar tradition flags this as a hard restriction: such structures apply to essere + past participle of any verb except essere itself.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-rr-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the agreement rule for the participle in che ho comprato vs che ho comprata?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The Accademia della Crusca consultation on past participle agreement explains that when the direct object precedes the participle in a compound tense with avere (la casa che ho comprato\/comprata), agreement is permitted but not obligatory. Historically Italian preserved the agreement (from Latin domum constructam habeo), but modern usage tends to leave the participle invariate. Both versions are correct in standard Italian.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-rr-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What about clitic pronouns attached to the participle?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Italian writing tradition includes examples like gli studenti iscrittisi al corso, i documenti mandatimi, la fotomodella datasi al cinema, un biglietto cadutole sulla scarpa. The clitic glues onto the end of the participle as it would on an infinitive. This variant belongs to elevated written register: novels, biographies, official documents. In conversation Italians use the full relative clause instead.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-rr-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Do reduced relatives specify a tense?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>No. The reduced form drops the verb tense entirely. La lettera arrivata stamattina could correspond to che u00e8 arrivata, che era arrivata, or che fu arrivata depending on context. Standard Italian grammar notes that &#8216;such structures do not indicate the tense of the relative clause&#8217;. The narrative tense in the main clause provides the temporal anchor; the reduced relative borrows it.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-rr-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How does this differ from the present participle in -nte (riferentisi, comprendente)?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Italian usage treats the present participle separately. The -nte form is a much smaller productive class than English -ing or French -ant. Linguistic research confirms that Italian present participles in nominal modification are &#8216;a tiny subset&#8217; of their English and French equivalents. The past participle reduction (la lettera arrivata) is productive across many verbs; the present participle reduction (le note riferentisi al caso) is limited to bureaucratic and legal Italian and a closed list of verbs.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-rr-7\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which verbs allow past participles to function as participial adjectives in reduced relatives?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Italian usage notes that for verbs with two participle forms (verbi sovrabbondanti, like succedere with succeduto\/successo or perdere with perduto\/perso), &#8216;only the irregular participles are used as adjectives&#8217;. This means when reducing a relative clause, the irregular participle (perso, successo) feels more natural in the participial adjective slot than the regular alternative.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-rr-8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What about la lettera che ho scritto vs la lettera che ho scritta?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Discussions among native speakers confirm that when the direct object precedes a compound tense with avere, agreement is permitted but not obligatory. Both la lettera che ho scritto and la lettera che ho scritta are correct Italian. Agreement becomes obligatory only when the direct object is an atonic pronoun (lo, la, li, le): l&#8217;ho scritta, never l&#8217;ho scritto if the antecedent is feminine singular.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-relative-pronouns\/\">Italian Relative Pronouns: Che, Cui, Il Quale, Whose<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-ing-translation\/\">Italian -ing Translation: 5 Ways to Render English -ing (B2)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-si-passivante\/\">Italian Si Passivante: Why Si Vendono Libri Is Plural (C1)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/relative-frasi_(La-grammatica-italiana)\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani: relative frasi<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/participio_(La-grammatica-italiana)\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani: participio<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An Italian novelist writes la lettera arrivata stamattina, not la lettera che \u00e8 arrivata stamattina. A journalist in Padova reports on gli studenti coinvolti nella protesta, not gli studenti che sono stati coinvolti nella protesta. A teacher returns a stack of i compiti corretti la settimana scorsa. In each case the past participle does the &#8230; <a title=\"Italian Una Lettera Arrivata: Reduced Relatives (B2)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-reduced-relatives\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Italian Una Lettera Arrivata: Reduced Relatives (B2)\">Read more \u226b<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1866,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b2","category-lingua","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59924","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59924"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59924\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61232,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59924\/revisions\/61232"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59924"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59924"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59924"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}