{"id":36070,"date":"2021-04-14T19:45:40","date_gmt":"2021-04-14T10:45:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=36070"},"modified":"2026-05-16T10:19:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T01:19:51","slug":"italian-trapassato-prossimo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-trapassato-prossimo\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Trapassato Prossimo: The Past of the Past"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> The <strong>italian trapassato prossimo<\/strong> is the past of the past. You build it with the imperfetto of <em>essere<\/em> or <em>avere<\/em> plus the past participle, and you use it when one past event has to sit clearly before another past event: <em>quando sono arrivato, avevano gi\u00e0 mangiato<\/em>. It maps onto English &#8220;had + past participle&#8221; almost one to one, with a few twists: it can stand alone when the second past is implied, it replaces <em>passato remoto<\/em> in casual Northern storytelling, and it follows the same <em>essere\/avere<\/em> selection and agreement rules as the <em>passato prossimo<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Get the italian trapassato prossimo right and the whole sequence of past tenses stops feeling like a puzzle: you stack one finished past behind another and the listener follows the timeline without effort. By the end you will form it, choose the auxiliary, and place it against <em>quando<\/em>, <em>dopo che<\/em> and <em>appena<\/em> without hesitating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-36070\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-h-36070 gb-headline-text\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:24px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what\">What trapassato prossimo means<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#form\">The form in one table<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#aux\">Which auxiliary and the agreement rules<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sequence\">The sequence of tenses: quando, dopo che, appena<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#adverbs\">Gi\u00e0, non ancora, mai with trapassato<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#standalone\">When trapassato stands alone<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#vs\">Trapassato vs imperfetto<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#northern\">The Northern habit: replacing passato remoto<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#english\">English had + past participle: where it diverges<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#remoto\">Trapassato prossimo vs trapassato remoto<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian trapassato prossimo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialog\">Dialog: a delayed train at Lucca<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what\">What the italian trapassato prossimo actually means<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Italian has a stack of past tenses: <em>passato prossimo<\/em>, <em>imperfetto<\/em>, <em>passato remoto<\/em>. The italian trapassato prossimo is the one you reach for when you want to put one past event clearly earlier than another past event. In English you would say &#8220;I had already finished&#8221;, &#8220;they had left&#8221;, &#8220;we had not yet decided&#8221;. Italian works the same way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The logic is relative, not absolute. A trapassato does not mean an event is very old; it means the event is anterior to some other past event that acts as the reference point. Without that second past anchor, explicit or strongly implied, the italian trapassato prossimo does not stand on its own feet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"form\">The form in one table: imperfetto of essere or avere plus participle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian trapassato prossimo is a compound tense. Two pieces: the auxiliary (<em>essere<\/em> or <em>avere<\/em>) in the imperfetto, then the past participle. Same structure as the <em>passato prossimo<\/em>, with the auxiliary shifted one step further into the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Subject<\/th><th>essere + andare<\/th><th>avere + mangiare<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>io<\/td><td>ero andato \/ andata<\/td><td>avevo mangiato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>tu<\/td><td>eri andato \/ andata<\/td><td>avevi mangiato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>lui \/ lei<\/td><td>era andato \/ andata<\/td><td>aveva mangiato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>noi<\/td><td>eravamo andati \/ andate<\/td><td>avevamo mangiato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>voi<\/td><td>eravate andati \/ andate<\/td><td>avevate mangiato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>loro<\/td><td>erano andati \/ andate<\/td><td>avevano mangiato<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Quando sei tornato, <strong>avevo gi\u00e0 chiuso<\/strong> la porta.<\/em><br>When you came back, I had already locked the door.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Erano partiti<\/strong> prima di noi.<\/em><br>They had left before us.<\/li>\n<li><em>Non <strong>avevo mai visto<\/strong> una piena cos\u00ec del Serchio.<\/em><br>I had never seen the Serchio in flood like that.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-formula-36070\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>The one-move shortcut.<\/strong> Take your <em>passato prossimo<\/em> (<em>ho mangiato<\/em>) and swap <em>ho\/hai\/ha\/abbiamo\/avete\/hanno<\/em> for the imperfetto <em>avevo\/avevi\/aveva\/avevamo\/avevate\/avevano<\/em>. You now have the italian trapassato prossimo. Same with <em>essere<\/em>: <em>sono andato<\/em> becomes <em>ero andato<\/em>. Nothing else changes.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aux\">Which auxiliary: essere or avere, and the agreement rules<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Auxiliary selection in the italian trapassato prossimo is identical to the <em>passato prossimo<\/em>. Intransitive verbs of motion and change of state, reflexives, and a recognisable closed list take <em>essere<\/em>. Transitive verbs and most other intransitives take <em>avere<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Essere:<\/strong> <em>andare, venire, arrivare, partire, entrare, uscire, tornare, restare, diventare, nascere, morire, cadere, riuscire<\/em>, plus all reflexives (<em>mi ero lavato<\/em>, <em>ci eravamo visti<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Avere:<\/strong> <em>mangiare, bere, leggere, scrivere, fare, dire, vedere, sentire, capire, prendere<\/em>, plus almost any transitive verb with a direct object.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agreement follows the same logic too. With <em>essere<\/em>, the participle agrees with the subject (<em>Maria era arrivata<\/em>, <em>i ragazzi erano partiti<\/em>). With <em>avere<\/em>, the participle stays masculine singular by default, and agrees only with a direct-object pronoun placed before the verb (<em>li avevo gi\u00e0 visti<\/em>, <em>le avevamo gi\u00e0 incontrate<\/em>). If you already own the <em>passato prossimo<\/em>, the italian trapassato prossimo costs you no new rules here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sequence\">The sequence of tenses: quando, dopo che, appena<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian trapassato prossimo earns its keep in sentences with two past clauses. The most common triggers for the earlier event are <em>quando<\/em>, <em>dopo che<\/em> and <em>appena<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>Quando<\/strong> era arrivata Caterina, noi avevamo gi\u00e0 cenato.<\/em><br>By the time Caterina had arrived, we had already had dinner.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Dopo che<\/strong> avevo letto la mail, ho chiamato Pietro.<\/em><br>After I had read the email, I called Pietro.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Appena<\/strong> si era seduto, il telefono ha squillato.<\/em><br>As soon as he had sat down, the phone rang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The earlier-past clause takes the italian trapassato prossimo; the later-past clause takes the <em>passato prossimo<\/em> in speech or the <em>passato remoto<\/em> in narrative. The key is contrast: the tense only makes sense when a second past reference exists. The reference can be an <em>imperfetto<\/em>, a <em>passato prossimo<\/em>, a <em>passato remoto<\/em>, or a historical present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"adverbs\">Gi\u00e0, non ancora, mai: the adverbs that love trapassato<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small set of time adverbs sits naturally inside the italian trapassato prossimo, between the auxiliary and the participle (<em>avevo gi\u00e0 finito<\/em>). They reinforce the anteriority meaning rather than change it.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>gi\u00e0:<\/strong> <em>avevo gi\u00e0 finito, eravamo gi\u00e0 partiti<\/em> (already)<\/li>\n<li><strong>non ancora:<\/strong> <em>non avevo ancora capito, non erano ancora arrivati<\/em> (not yet)<\/li>\n<li><strong>appena:<\/strong> <em>era appena uscita, avevo appena spedito la mail<\/em> (just)<\/li>\n<li><strong>mai:<\/strong> <em>non avevo mai provato, non erano mai stati a Padova<\/em> (never)<\/li>\n<li><strong>sempre:<\/strong> <em>avevo sempre pensato, era sempre stata gentile<\/em> (had always)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"standalone\">When trapassato stands alone: the invisible second clause<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes Italians drop the italian trapassato prossimo into a sentence without making the second past reference explicit. The anchor is strongly implied by context, and the listener fills it in, usually the &#8220;now&#8221; of the conversation.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Non <strong>avevo capito<\/strong>.<\/em><br>I had not understood. (before you just explained it)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Avevo lasciato<\/strong> le chiavi qui.<\/em><br>I had left the keys here. (before they went missing)<\/li>\n<li><em>Vi <strong>eravate persi<\/strong>?<\/em><br>Had you got lost? (before you found the way)<\/li>\n<li><em>Non ci <strong>avevo pensato<\/strong>.<\/em><br>I had not thought of it. (before you mentioned it)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English matches this exactly: &#8220;I had not understood&#8221;, &#8220;I had left the keys here&#8221;, &#8220;had you got lost?&#8221;. The implied anchor of the italian trapassato prossimo here is the present moment of speaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vs\">Trapassato vs imperfetto: complete versus ongoing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two tenses are both anchored in the past but mean different things aspectually. The italian trapassato prossimo is a complete, closed action before another past. The <em>imperfetto<\/em> is an ongoing, habitual or descriptive past.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Quando sei arrivato, <strong>avevo finito<\/strong> di mangiare.<\/em><br>When you arrived, I had finished eating. (done by then)<\/li>\n<li><em>Quando sei arrivato, <strong>mangiavo<\/strong>.<\/em><br>When you arrived, I was eating. (in the middle of it)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Avevo letto<\/strong> il libro prima del film.<\/em><br>I had read the book before the film. (complete)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Leggevo<\/strong> mentre aspettavo.<\/em><br>I was reading while I waited. (ongoing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"northern\">The Northern habit: replacing passato remoto in storytelling<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Standard Italian has three competing tenses for completed narrative events: <em>passato prossimo<\/em>, <em>passato remoto<\/em>, and the italian trapassato prossimo for relative anteriority. In Northern Italy the <em>passato remoto<\/em> has shrunk in everyday speech, so <em>passato prossimo<\/em> plus trapassato cover most of the work, and speakers sometimes push trapassato into territory that would be <em>passato remoto<\/em> further south.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>I miei nonni <strong>erano emigrati<\/strong> dal Piemonte dopo la guerra.<\/em><br>(more standard narrative would prefer <em>emigrarono<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>I romani <strong>avevano conquistato<\/strong> gran parte dell&#8217;Europa.<\/em><br>(historical narrative would prefer <em>conquistarono<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This usage is common enough that you will read it in newspapers and hear it constantly in Padova or Modena. It is not wrong: it is a regional register stretching the core anteriority meaning of the italian trapassato prossimo. A Tuscan or a Sicilian speaker would often pick <em>passato remoto<\/em> in the same spot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"english\">English &#8220;had + past participle&#8221;: where the map breaks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most of the time the italian trapassato prossimo equals the English past perfect: same anteriority logic, same auxiliary plus participle structure. A few divergences are worth knowing.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>English &#8220;I had been working&#8221; (past perfect continuous) has no direct trapassato form. Italian uses the <em>imperfetto<\/em> (<em>lavoravo<\/em>) or <em>stavo lavorando<\/em>, depending on aspect.<\/li>\n<li>English &#8220;had just done&#8221; maps to trapassato with <em>appena<\/em>: <em>avevo appena finito<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;By the time X, Y had already Z&#8221; maps directly: <em>quando X, Y aveva gi\u00e0 Z<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>After <em>dopo che<\/em> or <em>quando<\/em>, Italian often wants the italian trapassato prossimo where English uses a simple past: &#8220;After I finished, I called&#8221; becomes <em>dopo che avevo finito, ho chiamato<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is also a negative\/interrogative case where English uses a present perfect with &#8220;before&#8221; but Italian wants the italian trapassato prossimo: &#8220;Have you been in this room before?&#8221; becomes <em>eri gi\u00e0 stato in questa stanza?<\/em>, and &#8220;She had never seen that book&#8221; becomes <em>non aveva mai visto quel libro<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"remoto\">Trapassato prossimo vs trapassato remoto<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The italian trapassato prossimo has a narrative twin, the <em>trapassato remoto<\/em>, built with the <em>passato remoto<\/em> of the auxiliary plus the participle (<em>ebbi mangiato<\/em>, <em>fui partito<\/em>). They share the same anteriority meaning; the difference is register and trigger, not aspect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>trapassato remoto<\/em> is required only in a narrow case: a single completed event immediately before a <em>passato remoto<\/em> main verb, introduced by <em>dopo che<\/em>, <em>(non) appena<\/em>, <em>quando<\/em> or <em>finch\u00e9 non<\/em>. Outside literary or formal narrative you will rarely produce it, and modern usage routinely replaces it with the italian trapassato prossimo.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Appena <strong>ebbe finito<\/strong> di parlare, usc\u00ec.<\/em><br>As soon as he had finished speaking, he went out. (narrative <em>trapassato remoto<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>Dopo che <strong>avevo finito<\/strong> di parlare, sono uscito.<\/em><br>After I had finished speaking, I went out. (everyday italian trapassato prossimo)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rule of thumb: if the main clause is in the <em>passato prossimo<\/em> (spoken Italian), the earlier event takes the italian trapassato prossimo. If the main clause is in the <em>passato remoto<\/em> (literary narrative) and the connector means &#8220;as soon as&#8221;, the earlier event takes the <em>trapassato remoto<\/em>. There is no <em>trapassato remoto<\/em> of <em>essere<\/em>, which is one more reason the prossimo form dominates everyday Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian trapassato prossimo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The whole system on one card. Keep it open while you build your next two-past sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Point<\/th><th>Rule<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Form<\/td><td>imperfetto of essere\/avere + participle<\/td><td><em>ero andato, avevo mangiato<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Auxiliary<\/td><td>same as passato prossimo<\/td><td><em>era arrivata \/ aveva letto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Agreement<\/td><td>essere with subject; avere with preceding object pronoun<\/td><td><em>li avevo visti<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Main trigger<\/td><td>an earlier past in a two-event sentence<\/td><td><em>quando arrivai, era partito<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Connectors<\/td><td>quando, dopo che, appena<\/td><td><em>dopo che avevo letto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adverbs<\/td><td>gi\u00e0, non ancora, appena, mai, sempre between aux and participle<\/td><td><em>avevo gi\u00e0 finito<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Standalone<\/td><td>OK when the second past is implied<\/td><td><em>non avevo capito<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>vs imperfetto<\/td><td>trapassato = complete; imperfetto = ongoing<\/td><td><em>avevo finito \/ mangiavo<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make with the italian trapassato prossimo<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Skipping it where Italian wants it.<\/strong> &#8220;After I ate, I went out&#8221; is flat in English. Italian prefers the two-layer marking: <em>dopo che avevo mangiato, sono uscito<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Using it with no second past anchor.<\/strong> <em>Avevo mangiato<\/em> in isolation sounds unfinished unless the anchor is strongly implied.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wrong auxiliary.<\/strong> \u274c <em>ero mangiato<\/em> \u2705 <em>avevo mangiato<\/em>; \u274c <em>avevo andato<\/em> \u2705 <em>ero andato<\/em>. Same trap as the <em>passato prossimo<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Missing agreement with essere.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Maria era andato<\/em> \u2705 <em>Maria era andata<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No agreement after a preceding pronoun.<\/strong> \u274c <em>li avevo mai visto<\/em> \u2705 <em>li avevo mai visti<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the participle that builds it, see our guide on the <a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-past-participle\/\">Italian past participle<\/a>. For the two reference tenses, <a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-passato-prossimo-vs-imperfetto\/\">passato prossimo vs imperfetto<\/a>. For the narrative variant, the <a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-trapassato-remoto\/\">Italian trapassato remoto<\/a>. The institutional reference on sequence of tenses is the Accademia della Crusca note on <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/impiego-del-congiuntivo-presente-o-imperfetto-nelle-proposizioni-subordinate\/198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">la consecutio temporum<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-1-36070\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge.<\/strong> Put the verb into the italian trapassato prossimo, checking the auxiliary and any agreement. Read your answers aloud once.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Quando sono entrato in ufficio, i colleghi _____ (uscire) gi\u00e0.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Caterina non _____ (capire) la domanda, cos\u00ec l&#8217;ho ripetuta.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Dopo che _____ (noi, cenare), siamo andati a fare due passi.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Appena _____ (lui, alzarsi), il telefono ha squillato.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Non _____ (io, mai, vedere) un tramonto cos\u00ec.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Le ragazze, che _____ (arrivare) in anticipo, aspettavano in strada.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>erano gi\u00e0 usciti<\/em> \u00b7 2. <em>aveva capito<\/em> \u00b7 3. <em>avevamo cenato<\/em> \u00b7 4. <em>si era alzato<\/em> \u00b7 5. <em>avevo mai visto<\/em> \u00b7 6. <em>erano arrivate<\/em><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialog\">Dialog: a delayed train at Lucca<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Caterina waits for Pietro, who is late arriving from Pisa. When he shows up, they reconstruct the chain of missed connections. Listen for the italian trapassato prossimo anchoring every earlier event against the now-past of their meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-36070\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Ti aspettavo dalle nove e mezza. Cosa \u00e8 successo?<br><em>I was waiting for you from half past nine. What happened?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Scusa tanto. Il treno che <strong>avevo preso<\/strong> a Pisa si era fermato prima di Lucca.<br><em>I am so sorry. The train I had taken at Pisa had stopped before Lucca.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> E la coincidenza?<br><em>And the connection?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> <strong>Era stata cancellata<\/strong> prima ancora che arrivassimo. Non ce n&#8217;era un altro per un&#8217;ora.<br><em>It had been cancelled even before we arrived. There was not another one for an hour.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Quindi hai aspettato in stazione?<br><em>So you waited at the station?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> S\u00ec. Ti <strong>avevo scritto<\/strong> un messaggio, ma il telefono <strong>si era scaricato<\/strong> in treno.<br><em>Yes. I had texted you, but my phone had died on the train.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Non <strong>avevi caricato<\/strong> la batteria prima di partire da Pisa?<br><em>Hadn&#8217;t you charged the battery before leaving Pisa?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> L&#8217;<strong>avevo appena collegato<\/strong> quando ho dovuto correre al binario. Non ha fatto in tempo.<br><em>I had just plugged it in when I had to run to the platform. It did not have time.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Va bene, l&#8217;importante \u00e8 che sei qui. <strong>Avevo gi\u00e0 comprato<\/strong> i biglietti per il museo, andiamo.<br><em>All right, the important thing is you are here. I had already bought the museum tickets, let us go.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every earlier event sits in the italian trapassato prossimo (<em>avevo preso<\/em>, <em>era stata cancellata<\/em>, <em>si era scaricato<\/em>, <em>avevo appena collegato<\/em>, <em>avevo gi\u00e0 comprato<\/em>), anchored against the <em>passato prossimo<\/em> of their meeting. Parse it once, return tomorrow, and the timeline reads itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The quiz below drills the italian trapassato prossimo: form, auxiliary choice, agreement, and the sequence of tenses with <em>quando<\/em>, <em>dopo che<\/em> and <em>appena<\/em>. Take it after the cheat sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-36070\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_117\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. 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? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You scored <span>0<\/span> out of <span>0<\/span> points, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" >\n                <h4>Categories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"132\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Conjugate the trapassato<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"131\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Trapassato in context<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px\">Your result &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35\">Let&#8217;s strengthen the foundations on this topic.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>10-Lesson Package<\/strong> gives you ten focused 55-minute sessions with a native teacher, at your own pace.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">10-Lesson Package<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"10-Lesson Package\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Get the 10-Lesson Package &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px\">Your result &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35\">Solid base. Let&#8217;s build on it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> A <strong>weekly 1:1 lesson<\/strong> gives you the rhythm and the personalised feedback to turn what you know into what you say automatically.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">Weekly 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">One-to-one<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Weekly 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Any level<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">55-minute one-to-one session on Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Your personal native teacher<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Interactive online materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Book a Weekly 1:1 lesson &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px\">Your result &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35\">Great work. You&#8217;re ready for the group.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> In the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> you&#8217;ll move from solid grammar to live conversation.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px\">Your result &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35\">Bravissimo! You nailed it.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Our suggestion.<\/strong> Step into the <strong>Milano small-group course (A2-B1)<\/strong> to turn accurate Italian into fluent Italian.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Suggested next step<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">Milano group<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">A2-B1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/milano-no-sfondo.webp\" alt=\"Milano group\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Small groups, max 4 students<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Weekly live Zoom sessions<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammar, vocabulary, listening, writing<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Homework after every lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=7\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Join the Milano group &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Pick the right past tense<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>For each sentence, decide whether the earlier past event needs the <strong>trapassato prossimo<\/strong> (imperfetto of essere\/avere + past participle), the <strong>passato prossimo<\/strong>, or the <strong>imperfetto<\/strong>. The trapassato sits behind another past event.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Senza tastiera italiana? Un apostrofo basta: scrivi <code>e'<\/code> al posto di <code>\u00e8<\/code>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">Example: Quando sono entrato, i miei colleghi (uscivano, sono usciti, <strong><u>erano gi&agrave; usciti<\/u><\/strong>).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6437\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ul><li>Quando Francesca \u00e8 arrivata alla stazione di Lucca, il treno per Pisa (\u00e8 gi\u00e0 partito, era gi\u00e0 partito, partiva gi\u00e0) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"16\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(era gi\u00e0 partito, era gia' partito)<\/span><\/span> da dieci minuti circa.<br><br><em>When Francesca arrived at the Lucca station, the train to Pisa had left about ten minutes earlier.<\/em><\/li><li>Matteo ha chiamato la collega solo dopo che (aveva letto, ha letto, leggeva) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(aveva letto)<\/span><\/span> tutta la mail con attenzione.<br><br><em>Matteo called the colleague only after he had read the entire email carefully.<\/em><\/li><li>Appena Sandra (\u00e8 uscita, usciva, era uscita) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(era uscita)<\/span><\/span> dalla biblioteca del centro, ha cominciato a piovere forte.<br><br><em>As soon as Sandra had left the downtown library, it started raining hard.<\/em><\/li><li>Francesca non (ha mai visitato, aveva mai visitato, visitava mai) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"18\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(aveva mai visitato)<\/span><\/span> Ferrara prima del fine settimana scorso, e ne \u00e8 rimasta colpita.<br><br><em>Francesca had never visited Ferrara before this past Saturday, and she was struck by it.<\/em><\/li><li>I ragazzi (erano gi\u00e0 partiti, sono gi\u00e0 partiti, partivano gi\u00e0) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"18\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(erano gi\u00e0 partiti, erano gia' partiti)<\/span><\/span> per Verona quando Riccardo li ha chiamati al telefono.<br><br><em>The guys had already left for Verona when Riccardo called them on the phone.<\/em><\/li><li>Quando Matteo ha aperto il pacco, sua sorella (ha gi\u00e0 scoperto, scopriva gi\u00e0, aveva gi\u00e0 scoperto) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"19\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(aveva gi\u00e0 scoperto, aveva gia' scoperto)<\/span><\/span> la sorpresa dentro.<br><br><em>When Matteo opened the package, his sister had already discovered the surprise inside.<\/em><\/li><li>Francesca era stata a Pisa molte volte, ma non (aveva mai visto, ha mai visto, vedeva mai) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"15\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(aveva mai visto)<\/span><\/span> la Torre di notte.<br><br><em>Francesca had been to Pisa many times, but she had never seen the Tower at night.<\/em><\/li><li>Dopo che Francesca e Matteo (hanno cenato, avevano cenato, cenavano) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(avevano cenato)<\/span><\/span> in trattoria, hanno fatto due passi sul lungarno di Pisa.<br><br><em>After Francesca and Matteo had eaten dinner at the trattoria, they took a stroll along the Arno in Pisa.<\/em><\/li><li>Le ragazze, che (sono arrivate, arrivavano, erano arrivate) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(erano arrivate)<\/span><\/span> in anticipo, aspettavano pazientemente sul marciapiede.<br><br><em>The girls, who had arrived early, were waiting patiently on the sidewalk.<\/em><\/li><li>Sandra non (aveva ancora capito, ha ancora capito, capiva ancora) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"19\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(aveva ancora capito)<\/span><\/span> la domanda, cos\u00ec Matteo l'ha ripetuta con calma.<br><br><em>Sandra had not yet understood the question, so Matteo repeated it calmly.<\/em><\/li><li>Quando Francesca ha aperto la borsa, ha visto che (ha dimenticato, aveva dimenticato, dimenticava) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"17\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(aveva dimenticato)<\/span><\/span> le chiavi a casa.<br><br><em>When Francesca opened her bag, she saw that she had forgotten the keys at home.<\/em><\/li><li>Il telefono di Matteo (si \u00e8 scaricato, si scaricava, si era scaricato) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"16\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(si era scaricato)<\/span><\/span> in treno, e per questo non poteva rispondere ai messaggi.<br><br><em>Matteo's phone had died on the train, which is why he could not answer the messages.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>12 of 12. Your two-past timeline is solid.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Review: trapassato prossimo = imperfetto of essere\/avere + past participle. Use it for the event that happens <strong>before<\/strong> another past event.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 0 18px; padding:0;\">\n<li><em>Quando sono arrivato, avevano gi&agrave; mangiato.<\/em> &rarr; the eating came before the arrival.<\/li>\n<li><em>Dopo che avevo letto la mail, ho chiamato.<\/em> &rarr; the reading came before the call.<\/li>\n<li><em>Non avevo mai visto una piena cos&igrave;.<\/em> &rarr; the implied anchor is the moment of speaking.<\/li>\n<li>Auxiliary follows the passato prossimo rule: essere with motion \/ change of state \/ reflexives, avere otherwise.<\/li>\n<li>Agreement: with essere, the participle agrees with the subject (Maria era andata, le ragazze erano arrivate).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p><strong>Anchor first.<\/strong> Look for a second past clause (quando, dopo che, appena, or an implied &#8220;now&#8221;). If yes, the earlier event takes trapassato.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Adverbs<\/strong> like <em>gi&agrave;<\/em>, <em>non ancora<\/em>, <em>mai<\/em>, <em>appena<\/em> sit <strong>between aux and participle<\/strong>: avevo gi&agrave; finito, non era ancora arrivato.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Conjugate the trapassato prossimo<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>Type the trapassato prossimo of the infinitive between parentheses, matching the subject and the auxiliary. With <strong>essere<\/strong>, the participle agrees with the subject; with <strong>avere<\/strong>, the default form is masculine singular.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">Example: Quando sei arrivato, io (finire &#8211; trapassato prossimo) <strong><u>avevo finito<\/u><\/strong> di cenare.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6438\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ul><li>Quando Francesca e Riccardo sono arrivati al ristorante, Sandra e Matteo (mangiare - trapassato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"16\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(avevano mangiato)<\/span><\/span> da almeno mezz'ora.<br><br><em>When Francesca and Riccardo arrived at the restaurant, Sandra and Matteo had eaten at least half an hour earlier.<\/em><\/li><li>Sandra ha trovato il binario vuoto perch\u00e9 la sua amica (partire - trapassato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(era partita)<\/span><\/span> con il treno precedente.<br><br><em>Sandra found the platform empty because her friend had left on the previous train.<\/em><\/li><li>I ragazzi (vedere - trapassato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(avevano visto)<\/span><\/span> il museo civico di Lucca molte volte prima del trasloco.<br><br><em>The guys had seen the Lucca civic museum many times before the move.<\/em><\/li><li>Quando il telefono ha squillato, Matteo (alzarsi - trapassato prossimo + appena) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"20\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(si era appena alzato)<\/span><\/span> dal divano per andare in cucina.<br><br><em>When the phone rang, Matteo had just gotten up from the couch to go to the kitchen.<\/em><\/li><li>Riccardo ha richiamato Sandra solo all'ora di cena perch\u00e9 (leggere - trapassato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(aveva letto)<\/span><\/span> il messaggio in ritardo nel pomeriggio.<br><br><em>Riccardo called Sandra back only at dinner time because he had read the message late in the afternoon.<\/em><\/li><li>Le colleghe di Sandra, che (arrivare - trapassato prossimo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(erano arrivate)<\/span><\/span> in anticipo da Ferrara, hanno preparato la sala riunioni.<br><br><em>Sandra's colleagues, who had arrived early from Ferrara, prepared the conference room.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>6 of 6. Form, auxiliary and agreement all in line.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Three things to keep in line for every form:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 0 18px; padding:0;\">\n<li><strong>Auxiliary<\/strong> matches the passato prossimo: essere for andare\/partire\/arrivare\/uscire\/restare and reflexives, avere for transitive verbs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Imperfetto of the auxiliary<\/strong>: avevo \/ avevi \/ aveva \/ avevamo \/ avevate \/ avevano \u00b7 ero \/ eri \/ era \/ eravamo \/ eravate \/ erano.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Agreement<\/strong>: with essere, the participle matches the subject (era partita, erano arrivate). With avere, default masculine singular (avevamo mangiato).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p><strong>One move shortcut.<\/strong> Take the passato prossimo (ho mangiato, sono partita) and swap the auxiliary into the imperfetto: <em>ho &rarr; avevo<\/em>, <em>sono &rarr; ero<\/em>. Nothing else changes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reflexives<\/strong> always take essere: mi ero alzato, ti eri seduta, si era svegliato. Keep the agreement with the subject.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_117',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 117,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 18,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"131\":12,\"132\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"6437\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":6437,\"catId\":131,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"era gi\\u00e0 partito\",\"era gia' partito\"],[\"aveva letto\"],[\"era uscita\"],[\"aveva mai visitato\"],[\"erano gi\\u00e0 partiti\",\"erano gia' partiti\"],[\"aveva gi\\u00e0 scoperto\",\"aveva gia' scoperto\"],[\"aveva mai visto\"],[\"avevano cenato\"],[\"erano arrivate\"],[\"aveva ancora capito\"],[\"aveva dimenticato\"],[\"si era scaricato\"]]},\"6438\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":6438,\"catId\":132,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"avevano mangiato\"],[\"era partita\"],[\"avevano visto\"],[\"si era appena alzato\"],[\"aveva letto\"],[\"erano arrivate\"]]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:36px;color:#ab2227;margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-family:Georgia,serif\">\u00a7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seven questions about the italian trapassato prossimo come up in every B1 cohort. The answers draw on classroom usage and on the Accademia della Crusca note on <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/impiego-del-congiuntivo-presente-o-imperfetto-nelle-proposizioni-subordinate\/198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the sequence of tenses<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-tp-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the Italian trapassato prossimo?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is the Italian past perfect. It describes a past event that happened before another past event. You build it with the imperfetto of essere or avere plus the past participle of the main verb. Quando sono arrivato, avevano gi\u00e0 mangiato.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-tp-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do I build trapassato prossimo?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Conjugate essere or avere in the imperfetto (ero, eri, era, eravamo, eravate, erano or avevo, avevi, aveva, avevamo, avevate, avevano) and add the past participle. Auxiliary choice and agreement match the passato prossimo exactly.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-tp-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When do I need the trapassato prossimo?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>When two past events sit in the same sentence or context and one clearly comes before the other. Quando sono arrivato, avevano gi\u00e0 mangiato. Dopo che avevo letto la mail, ho chiamato Pietro. The reference past can be an imperfetto, a passato prossimo, a passato remoto or a historical present.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-tp-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can the trapassato prossimo stand alone?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, when the second past reference is strongly implied. Non avevo capito, avevo lasciato le chiavi qui, vi eravate persi. The implicit anchor is the now of the conversation or a later past moment the listener already knows.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-tp-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How is trapassato prossimo different from imperfetto?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Trapassato describes a complete action anterior to another past. Imperfetto describes an ongoing, habitual or descriptive past. Avevo finito di mangiare quando sei arrivato means I was done, while mangiavo quando sei arrivato means I was in the middle of eating.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-tp-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Is trapassato prossimo used for very distant events?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Not as a rule. It marks relative anteriority, not absolute distance. In colloquial Northern Italian it sometimes replaces the passato remoto in distant narrative, like i miei nonni erano emigrati, but that is a regional register, not a standard aspect rule.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-tp-7\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How does it map to English had plus past participle?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>In most cases one to one. A few twists: English past perfect continuous (I had been working) has no direct trapassato form and maps to imperfetto or stare plus gerundio. After dopo che or quando, Italian often wants trapassato where English uses a simple past.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three guides that pair with the italian trapassato prossimo, plus an institutional reference.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-past-participle\/\">Italian Past Participle<\/a>: the participle every compound past is built on.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-passato-prossimo-vs-imperfetto\/\">Italian Passato Prossimo vs Imperfetto<\/a>: the two reference tenses.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-trapassato-remoto\/\">Italian Trapassato Remoto<\/a>: the narrative variant after dopo che, appena.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/impiego-del-congiuntivo-presente-o-imperfetto-nelle-proposizioni-subordinate\/198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Accademia della Crusca: la consecutio temporum<\/a>: institutional note.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Italian trapassato prossimo is the past of the past: imperfetto of essere\/avere plus past participle. This A2-B1 guide covers form, auxiliary selection, agreement, sequence of tenses with quando\/dopo che\/appena, adverbs (gia, mai, appena), standalone use, trapassato vs imperfetto, and how English had+PP maps on and off.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1865],"tags":[86,1547,1544,84,1546,1545,1549,1548,1550,43,1551],"class_list":["post-36070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b1","tag-avverbi-di-tempo","tag-indicativo-past-tense","tag-indicativo-trapassato","tag-italian-adverbs","tag-italian-past-tense","tag-italian-pluperfect","tag-passato-e-trapassato","tag-passato-indicativo","tag-passato-remoto-e-trapassato","tag-trapassato-prossimo","tag-trapassato-remoto","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36070","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36070"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36070\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60179,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36070\/revisions\/60179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}