{"id":27396,"date":"2019-09-18T01:57:14","date_gmt":"2019-09-17T16:57:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=27396"},"modified":"2026-05-16T09:35:39","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T00:35:39","slug":"italian-past-participle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-past-participle\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Past Participle: Forms, Agreement, Clausal Uses"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> The <strong>italian past participle<\/strong> (<em>participio passato<\/em>) does four jobs. It builds every compound tense from <em>passato prossimo<\/em> to <em>condizionale passato<\/em>, it agrees with the subject when the auxiliary is <em>essere<\/em>, it agrees with a preceding direct-object pronoun when the auxiliary is <em>avere<\/em>, and it works both as a plain adjective (<em>la porta chiusa<\/em>) and as the head of a clause (<em>finita la cena, uscimmo<\/em>). Learn the regular endings, memorise the high-frequency irregulars, and the agreement rules fall into place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Get the italian past participle right and a huge slice of B1 to B2 Italian opens up: every past tense, every reduced clause, half of written style. By the end you will choose the auxiliary, place the agreement, and read a <em>participio assoluto<\/em> without slowing down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-27396\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-h-27396 gb-headline-text\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:24px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what\">What the italian past participle is<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#regular\">Regular forms: -ato, -uto, -ito<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#irregular\">Irregular past participles worth memorising<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#compound\">Compound tenses: essere or avere<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#essere\">Agreement with essere: with the subject<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#avere\">Agreement with avere: the preceding object<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#adjective\">The past participle as an adjective<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#clausal\">The clausal participle: Finita la cena<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#double\">Double auxiliaries and shortened participles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian past participle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialog\">Dialog: at the car-rental desk<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what\">What the italian past participle is<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Open any Italian novel at a random page and the italian past participle is everywhere: in the compound tenses, dangling at the front of clauses, working quietly as an adjective. It is one of the three indefinite moods, next to the <em>infinito<\/em> and the <em>gerundio<\/em>. On its own it carries no person and no tense; it leans on an auxiliary or a noun to do its work. The label &#8220;past&#8221; is a half-truth, since the form often signals completion rather than past time, but it is the name everyone uses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Four jobs are worth naming up front: it builds compound tenses, it agrees with the subject under <em>essere<\/em>, it agrees with a preceding object under <em>avere<\/em>, and it stands alone as adjective or clause head. Master those four and most of the past-tense workload between B1 and B2 clicks into place. Everything below is one of these four jobs in detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"regular\">Regular forms of the italian past participle: -ato, -uto, -ito<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For the first and third conjugations the regular italian past participle is mechanical: drop the infinitive ending and add <em>-ato<\/em> or <em>-ito<\/em>, then inflect that like an <em>-o<\/em> adjective (<em>-ato, -ata, -ati, -ate<\/em>). The second conjugation in <em>-ere<\/em> is where the irregulars cluster, but its regular default is <em>-uto<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Infinitive<\/th><th>Group<\/th><th>Past participle<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><em>parlare<\/em><\/td><td>-are to -ato<\/td><td><em>parlato<\/em><\/td><td><em>Ho parlato con il libraio.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>credere<\/em><\/td><td>-ere to -uto<\/td><td><em>creduto<\/em><\/td><td><em>Non ci ho creduto.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>finire<\/em><\/td><td>-ire to -ito<\/td><td><em>finito<\/em><\/td><td><em>Ho finito il lavoro.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>servire<\/em><\/td><td>-ire to -ito<\/td><td><em>servito<\/em><\/td><td><em>Ci hanno servito tardi.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A few third-conjugation verbs break the pattern even though they look regular: <em>venire<\/em> gives <em>venuto<\/em>, <em>aprire<\/em> gives <em>aperto<\/em>, <em>offrire<\/em> gives <em>offerto<\/em>, <em>morire<\/em> gives <em>morto<\/em>, <em>coprire<\/em> gives <em>coperto<\/em>, <em>soffrire<\/em> gives <em>sofferto<\/em>. Their compounds follow suit: <em>scoprire<\/em> to <em>scoperto<\/em>, <em>avvenire<\/em> to <em>avvenuto<\/em>. Treat these as a small closed list and you will never guess wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"irregular\">Which irregular italian past participles are worth memorising?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The second conjugation is unpredictable by design: the participle cannot be derived from any other part of the verb, so it has to be learned. The good news is that the high-frequency irregulars are a finite set. Internalise the following and you cover the vast majority of real speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Infinitive<\/th><th>Participle<\/th><th>Infinitive<\/th><th>Participle<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><em>essere<\/em><\/td><td><em>stato<\/em><\/td><td><em>fare<\/em><\/td><td><em>fatto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>dire<\/em><\/td><td><em>detto<\/em><\/td><td><em>scrivere<\/em><\/td><td><em>scritto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>leggere<\/em><\/td><td><em>letto<\/em><\/td><td><em>vedere<\/em><\/td><td><em>visto \/ veduto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>prendere<\/em><\/td><td><em>preso<\/em><\/td><td><em>mettere<\/em><\/td><td><em>messo<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>chiedere<\/em><\/td><td><em>chiesto<\/em><\/td><td><em>rispondere<\/em><\/td><td><em>risposto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>aprire<\/em><\/td><td><em>aperto<\/em><\/td><td><em>chiudere<\/em><\/td><td><em>chiuso<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>venire<\/em><\/td><td><em>venuto<\/em><\/td><td><em>nascere<\/em><\/td><td><em>nato<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>vivere<\/em><\/td><td><em>vissuto<\/em><\/td><td><em>bere<\/em><\/td><td><em>bevuto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>rimanere<\/em><\/td><td><em>rimasto<\/em><\/td><td><em>scegliere<\/em><\/td><td><em>scelto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>rompere<\/em><\/td><td><em>rotto<\/em><\/td><td><em>correre<\/em><\/td><td><em>corso<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>perdere<\/em><\/td><td><em>perso \/ perduto<\/em><\/td><td><em>vincere<\/em><\/td><td><em>vinto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>offrire<\/em><\/td><td><em>offerto<\/em><\/td><td><em>soffrire<\/em><\/td><td><em>sofferto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>tradurre<\/em><\/td><td><em>tradotto<\/em><\/td><td><em>produrre<\/em><\/td><td><em>prodotto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Verbs built on the same Latin root share the pattern: <em>produrre<\/em> to <em>prodotto<\/em> gives you <em>dedurre<\/em> to <em>dedotto<\/em>, <em>condurre<\/em> to <em>condotto<\/em>, <em>ridurre<\/em> to <em>ridotto<\/em>, <em>tradurre<\/em> to <em>tradotto<\/em>. Group the irregular italian past participle forms by shape rather than drilling them one by one. A handful of verbs keep two forms: <em>vedere<\/em> has <em>visto<\/em> and <em>veduto<\/em> (<em>visto<\/em> is far more common), <em>perdere<\/em> has <em>perso<\/em> and <em>perduto<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-fam-27396\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83d\udd0d <strong>Learn families, not single verbs.<\/strong> Every <em>-urre<\/em> verb uses <em>-otto<\/em> (<em>tradotto<\/em>, <em>prodotto<\/em>, <em>condotto<\/em>, <em>dedotto<\/em>, <em>ridotto<\/em>). Most <em>-cendere<\/em> and <em>-endere<\/em> verbs use <em>-eso<\/em> (<em>acceso<\/em>, <em>preso<\/em>, <em>speso<\/em>) or <em>-uso<\/em> (<em>chiuso<\/em>). Clustering the irregular italian past participle by shape cuts the memorisation load by roughly two thirds.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"compound\">Compound tenses: does the italian past participle take essere or avere?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The past participle pairs with <em>essere<\/em> or <em>avere<\/em> to build every compound tense in Italian: <em>passato prossimo<\/em>, <em>trapassato prossimo<\/em>, <em>futuro anteriore<\/em>, <em>condizionale passato<\/em>, <em>congiuntivo passato<\/em> and <em>trapassato<\/em>. The recurring question at every step is the same: which auxiliary?<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Transitive verbs<\/strong> (they take a direct object) generally use <em>avere<\/em>: <em>Ho stampato i documenti. Abbiamo visto la mostra.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Verbs of motion, change of state and existence<\/strong> use <em>essere<\/em>: <em>Sono andato a Padova. \u00c8 nata ieri. Siamo rimasti a casa tutto il fine settimana.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Reflexive and reciprocal verbs<\/strong> always use <em>essere<\/em>: <em>Mi sono svegliato presto. Si sono incontrati alla stazione di Lucca.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Modal verbs<\/strong> (<em>dovere, potere, volere<\/em>) copy the auxiliary of the verb they govern: <em>Ho dovuto lavorare<\/em> (<em>lavorare<\/em> takes <em>avere<\/em>), <em>Sono dovuto tornare<\/em> (<em>tornare<\/em> takes <em>essere<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The indefinite-subject <em>si<\/em> deserves a footnote here, because it produces a striking split. Verbs with <em>si<\/em> always take <em>essere<\/em>, but the participle shows no agreement when the verb would normally use <em>avere<\/em>, and plural agreement when it would normally use <em>essere<\/em>: <em>si \u00e8 ballato<\/em> (compare <em>hanno ballato<\/em>) but <em>si \u00e8 partiti<\/em> (compare <em>sono partiti<\/em>). It looks like an exception; it is really the agreement rules below applied honestly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"essere\">Agreement rule 1: with essere, the participle agrees with the subject<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When the auxiliary is <em>essere<\/em>, the italian past participle inflects exactly like an <em>-o<\/em> adjective and agrees with the subject in gender and number. This is automatic and has no exceptions with <em>essere<\/em>: if the auxiliary is <em>essere<\/em>, the participle agrees.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Matteo \u00e8 <strong>arrivato<\/strong> in ritardo.<\/em> (masculine singular)<\/li>\n<li><em>Caterina \u00e8 <strong>rimasta<\/strong> in sartoria fino a tardi.<\/em> (feminine singular)<\/li>\n<li><em>Gli studenti sono <strong>tornati<\/strong> a casa stanchi.<\/em> (masculine plural)<\/li>\n<li><em>Le ragazze sono <strong>arrivate<\/strong> alla stazione di Lucca.<\/em> (feminine plural)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The same rule covers passives and reflexives, because both use <em>essere<\/em>: <em>Sono state bevute due birre<\/em>, <em>A che ora vi siete alzate, ragazze?<\/em>. This is the agreement that English speakers forget for the first two years of Italian, and the single fastest fix to raise written accuracy: once <em>essere<\/em> appears, scan back to the subject and inflect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"avere\">Agreement rule 2: with avere, only with a preceding direct object<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With the auxiliary <em>avere<\/em>, the default is no agreement at all: the participle stays in <em>-o<\/em>, no matter the gender of the subject. The subject simply does not enter the calculation.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Le ragazze hanno <strong>cantato<\/strong>.<\/em> (no agreement, the subject is irrelevant under <em>avere<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>Ho <strong>stampato<\/strong> i documenti.<\/em> (no agreement, the object follows)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>Agreement appears only when a direct-object clitic comes before the verb. The participle then agrees with that pronoun. With third-person <em>lo, la, li, le<\/em> the agreement is obligatory; with the partitive <em>ne<\/em> it follows the noun <em>ne<\/em> stands for.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>La lettera? <strong>L&#8217;ho spedita<\/strong> ieri.<\/em> (<em>la<\/em> to <em>-a<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>I documenti, <strong>li ho stampati<\/strong> stamattina.<\/em> (<em>li<\/em> to <em>-i<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>Belle queste scarpe! Dove <strong>le hai comprate<\/strong>?<\/em> (<em>le<\/em> to <em>-e<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>Di mele <strong>ne abbiamo raccolte<\/strong> tre cassette.<\/em> (<em>ne<\/em> referring to feminine plural to <em>-e<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>One refinement keeps you out of trouble: the agreement disappears when <em>ne<\/em> replaces a <em>di<\/em> or <em>da<\/em> complement instead of a partitive quantity. <em>Abbiamo parlato di lei<\/em> becomes <em>Ne abbiamo parlato<\/em>, flat and invariable, because that <em>ne<\/em> is not a partitive object. Partitive <em>ne<\/em> agrees; prepositional <em>ne<\/em> does not.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-trap-27396\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83d\udd0d <strong>The B1 exam trap.<\/strong> Agreement of the italian past participle with <em>avere<\/em> plus a preceding clitic is the single most-tested participle rule in B1 certification, and a hallmark of genuinely fluent writing. The shortcut: if you see <em>lo, la, li, le<\/em> or partitive <em>ne<\/em> before <em>ho, hai, ha, abbiamo, avete, hanno<\/em>, the participle must agree. Drill it to reflex level.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"adjective\">The italian past participle as an adjective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Outside the compound tenses, the participle regularly works as a plain adjective and agrees with its noun like any other <em>-o<\/em> word. This is the easiest of the four jobs, because there is no auxiliary to track: just match the noun.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Una finestra <strong>aperta<\/strong>, un libro <strong>chiuso<\/strong>, un conto <strong>saldato<\/strong>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Un preventivo <strong>scritto<\/strong> in fretta, una mail <strong>inviata<\/strong> ieri.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Le pratiche <strong>concluse<\/strong>, i documenti <strong>firmati<\/strong>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>Some participles have drifted so far into adjective territory that the dictionary lists them in their own right: <em>aperto<\/em>, <em>chiuso<\/em>, <em>stanco<\/em> (from an older participle), <em>dotto<\/em>. Italian also keeps a small set of shortened participles (<em>participi accorciati<\/em>) of first-conjugation verbs, used only as adjectives: <em>colmo<\/em> from <em>colmare<\/em>, <em>domo<\/em> from <em>domare<\/em>, <em>guasto<\/em> from <em>guastare<\/em>. You will not form these yourself; just recognise them as frozen adjectival forms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"clausal\">The clausal italian past participle: Finita la cena, uscimmo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Written and formal Italian uses the past participle to head an entire subordinate clause, with no auxiliary. The construction is the <em>participio assoluto<\/em>, and it is the written equivalent of &#8220;having finished dinner, we went out&#8221;. It supplies background: the condition or circumstance that precedes the main verb.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>Finita la riunione<\/strong>, Pietro torn\u00f2 in libreria.<\/em><br>Once the meeting was over, Pietro went back to the bookshop.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Scritto il preventivo<\/strong>, Elena lo consegn\u00f2 al cliente.<\/em><br>Having written the quote, Elena handed it to the client.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Arrivati a Padova<\/strong>, ci siamo subito messi a cercare l&#8217;albergo.<\/em><br>Once we arrived in Padua, we started looking for the hotel right away.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Invitata a intervenire<\/strong>, Caterina ebbe paura.<\/em><br>Having been invited to speak, Caterina got scared.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>Two rules govern it. First, the participle agrees with the noun that functions as its subject (<em>finita la riunione<\/em>, feminine singular; <em>arrivati a Padova<\/em>, masculine plural matching &#8220;we&#8221;); and with a transitive verb it must agree with its object noun (<em>scritto il preventivo<\/em>). Clitics attach to the end of the participle (<em>avvisatala, partirono<\/em>), and the subject noun usually follows. Second, the construction needs a verb that implies completion: you cannot say <em>*Nuotato due ore, torn\u00f2 a casa<\/em> with durative verbs like <em>nuotare<\/em> or <em>lavorare<\/em>. The fixed phrase <em>dopo mangiato<\/em> (<em>dopo mangiato andremo a fare due passi<\/em>) is the everyday survivor of this pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"double\">Double auxiliaries and shortened participles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A productive group of verbs takes <em>avere<\/em> when transitive and <em>essere<\/em> when intransitive, and the italian past participle agreement flips accordingly. The meaning is the same verb seen from two angles: someone acting on an object, versus the object simply changing state.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Ho <strong>finito<\/strong> i lavori di restauro.<\/em> versus <em>A che ora \u00e8 <strong>finito<\/strong> il balletto?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Abbiamo <strong>passato<\/strong> le vacanze in montagna.<\/em> versus <em>\u00c8 gi\u00e0 <strong>passato<\/strong> l&#8217;autobus per il centro?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Il meccanico ha <strong>cambiato<\/strong> la gomma.<\/em> versus <em>Il tempo \u00e8 <strong>cambiato<\/strong> di colpo.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The common members of this group are <em>finire, cominciare, iniziare, continuare, passare, cambiare, salire, scendere, aumentare, diminuire, migliorare, peggiorare, guarire, bruciare<\/em>. The test is mechanical: ask whether there is a direct object. <em>Object present<\/em> means <em>avere<\/em> and no subject agreement; <em>no object<\/em> means <em>essere<\/em> and the participle agrees with the subject. One verb, two behaviours, decided entirely by the presence of an object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian past participle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One table, the whole system. Keep it open while you build your next compound tense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Situation<\/th><th>Rule<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Regular endings<\/td><td>-are to -ato, -ere to -uto, -ire to -ito<\/td><td><em>parlato, creduto, finito<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Irregulars<\/td><td>mostly -ere; learn families (-urre to -otto)<\/td><td><em>tradotto, prodotto<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Auxiliary essere<\/td><td>participle agrees with the subject, always<\/td><td><em>Le ragazze sono arrivate<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Auxiliary avere, object after<\/td><td>no agreement<\/td><td><em>Ho stampato i documenti<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Auxiliary avere, clitic before<\/td><td>agrees with lo\/la\/li\/le\/ne<\/td><td><em>Li ho stampati<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reflexive<\/td><td>always essere; agrees with subject<\/td><td><em>Mi sono alzata<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Modal verb<\/td><td>copies the infinitive&#8217;s auxiliary<\/td><td><em>Sono dovuto andare<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>As adjective<\/td><td>agrees with its noun<\/td><td><em>una porta chiusa<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Clausal participle<\/td><td>agrees with subject\/object, marks completion<\/td><td><em>Finita la cena, uscimmo<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make with the italian past participle<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Skipping subject agreement with <em>essere<\/em>.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Maria \u00e8 andato<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Maria \u00e8 andata<\/em>. With <em>essere<\/em>, the participle always agrees.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adding agreement after <em>avere<\/em> by default.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Ho stampata i documenti<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Ho stampato i documenti<\/em>. No agreement: the object follows.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Forgetting the preceding-clitic rule.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Li ho visto<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Li ho visti<\/em>. A preceding <em>li<\/em> forces agreement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Picking the wrong auxiliary.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Ho andato a casa<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Sono andato a casa<\/em>. Verbs of motion take <em>essere<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Using <em>avere<\/em> with a reflexive.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Mi ho alzato<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Mi sono alzato<\/em>. Reflexives always take <em>essere<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Forcing the clausal participle onto a durative verb.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Nuotato due ore, torn\u00f2 a casa<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Avendo nuotato due ore, torn\u00f2 a casa<\/em>. Use the <em>gerundio<\/em> when there is no completion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>For the past participle inside the past-tense system, see our guide on <a href=\"\/eng\/italian-passato-prossimo-vs-imperfetto\/\">passato prossimo vs imperfetto<\/a>. For the other indefinite mood, the <a href=\"\/eng\/italian-gerund\/\">italian gerund<\/a>. For how the participle behaves after a modal, <a href=\"\/eng\/italian-modal-verbs\/\">italian modal verbs<\/a>. The institutional reference on agreement is the Accademia della Crusca note on the <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/accordo-del-participio-passato\/23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accordo del participio passato<\/a>, with the Treccani entry on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/participio_%28La-grammatica-italiana%29\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">participio<\/a> as a fuller native-language overview.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-1-27396\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge.<\/strong> Put each verb in the correct past participle form, then read your sentences aloud once.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Caterina (rimanere) _____ in sartoria fino a tardi.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Le chiavi? Le (lasciare) _____ sul tavolo.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>(Finire) _____ la consegna, Pietro torn\u00f2 a Lucca.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I ragazzi si (svegliare) _____ tardi.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Di pizze ne (mangiare) _____ quattro.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Maria (dovere) _____ tornare a casa in treno.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>\u00e8 rimasta<\/em> (essere + feminine) \u00b7 2. <em>le ho lasciate<\/em> (avere + preceding <em>le<\/em> to <em>-e<\/em>) \u00b7 3. <em>Finita<\/em> (clausal, agrees with <em>consegna<\/em>) \u00b7 4. <em>sono svegliati<\/em> (reflexive + masculine plural) \u00b7 5. <em>ne ho mangiate<\/em> (partitive <em>ne<\/em>, feminine plural) \u00b7 6. <em>\u00e8 dovuta<\/em> (modal copying <em>essere<\/em> of <em>tornare<\/em>, agreeing with Maria)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialog\">Dialog: at the car-rental desk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pietro returns a rental van to Elena at a car-rental desk in Modena. Watch the italian past participle in all four jobs: compound tenses, agreement with <em>essere<\/em> and <em>avere<\/em>, adjective, and one clausal opener.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-27396\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Buongiorno, ho riportato il furgone. L&#8217;ho lasciato fuori, pieno di benzina come da contratto.<br><em>Good morning, I have brought the van back. I left it outside, full of petrol as per the contract.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Perfetto. Ha gi\u00e0 firmato la riconsegna? Mi servono i documenti che le abbiamo dato alla partenza.<br><em>Perfect. Have you already signed the return form? I need the documents we gave you at departure.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Eccoli, li ho tenuti nella cartellina. Una cosa: ho sentito un rumore ai freni, ma non si \u00e8 rotto niente.<br><em>Here they are, I kept them in the folder. One thing: I heard a noise from the brakes, but nothing broke.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Ha fatto bene a dirmelo. Controllata l&#8217;auto, le mando la ricevuta per email.<br><em>You did well to tell me. Once I have checked the car, I will send you the receipt by email.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Grazie. La cauzione, quando me la restituite?<br><em>Thanks. The deposit, when will you give it back to me?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Gliel&#8217;abbiamo gi\u00e0 sbloccata stamattina. Vedr\u00e0 l&#8217;accredito tra due giorni.<br><em>We already released it to you this morning. You will see the credit in two days.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Ottimo. Allora siamo a posto: consegnato il furgone, posso tornare in libreria.<br><em>Great. Then we are all set: with the van returned, I can go back to the bookshop.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Esatto. La ringrazio, \u00e8 stato tutto regolare. Buona giornata!<br><em>Exactly. Thank you, everything was in order. Have a good day!<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Notice the participles at work: <em>riportato<\/em> and <em>lasciato<\/em> (avere, no agreement); <em>li ho tenuti<\/em> and <em>gliel&#8217;abbiamo sbloccata<\/em> (avere with a preceding clitic, agreement); <em>si \u00e8 rotto<\/em> (reflexive with <em>essere<\/em>); <em>controllata l&#8217;auto<\/em> and <em>consegnato il furgone<\/em> (clausal); <em>pieno<\/em> and <em>regolare<\/em> as plain adjectives. One short exchange exercises the whole italian past participle system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The quiz below drills the italian past participle: regular and irregular forms, auxiliary choice, and agreement with the subject or a preceding object. 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class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>3<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">passato prossimo irregolare<\/h1>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Vogliamo andare in Italia, ma non (noi &#8211; decidere) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>abbiamo deciso<\/strong><\/span> quando.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter \" src=\"https:\/\/img.icons8.com\/bubbles\/100\/000000\/hazard-warning-flasher.png\" width=\"79\" height=\"79\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Puoi scrivere\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u00e8<\/span>\u00a0con l&#8217;accento\u00a0<\/span>oppure\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">e&#8217;<\/span>\u00a0con l&#8217;apostrofo\u00a0<\/span>se non hai la tastiera italiana<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"260\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr \/>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Francesca e Mario (fare) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno fatto)<\/span><\/span> una lunga passeggiata.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Io e mio fratello \u00a0ti (dire) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(abbiamo detto)<\/span><\/span> la verit\u00e0.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Laura (decidere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha deciso)<\/span><\/span> di cambiare lavoro.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I miei genitori (nascere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sono nati)<\/span><\/span> in Sicilia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Michael, tu (stare) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sei stato)<\/span><\/span> mai in Calabria?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>La decisione di cambiare lavoro (dipendere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 dipesa, e' dipesa)<\/span><\/span> dai soldi.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Irene (correre) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha corso)<\/span><\/span> la maratona di Roma.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(noi - vincere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(abbiamo vinto)<\/span><\/span> un viaggio alle Maldive!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I passeggeri (scendere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sono scesi)<\/span><\/span> dall'autobus ordinatamente.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Il prezzo della benzina (scendere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 sceso, e' sceso)<\/span><\/span> ancora.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Controlla le risposte giuste e continua il quiz<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Controlla le risposte giuste e continua il quiz<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>3<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">passato prossimo irregolare<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">seconda parte<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"261\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr \/>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Domenica (essere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 stata, e' stata)<\/span><\/span> una bella giornata.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Luigi (spendere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha speso)<\/span><\/span> tutti i suoi soldi.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Laura (dire) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha detto)<\/span><\/span> che arriver\u00e0 in ritardo.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Finalmente (tu - venire) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sei venuto)<\/span><\/span> a trovarmi.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stamattina, (io - vestirsi) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"15\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(mi sono vestito)<\/span><\/span> in fretta e furia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Il criceto di mia figlia (morire) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 morto, e' morto)<\/span><\/span> ieri.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I tuoi figli (crescere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sono cresciuti)<\/span><\/span> dall'ultima volta.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Qualcuno (nascondere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha nascosto)<\/span><\/span> le mie chiavi!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Daria non (spegnere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha spento)<\/span><\/span> la luce ieri notte.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>La polizia (intervenire) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(\u00e8 intervenuta, e' intervenuta)<\/span><\/span> immediatamente.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Controlla le risposte giuste e continua il quiz<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Controlla le risposte giuste e continua il quiz<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>3<\/span> of <span>3<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>3<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">passato prossimo irregolare<\/h1>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">terza parte<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"262\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr \/>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Tuo figlio (prendere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha preso)<\/span><\/span> una macchina nuova.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lavando i piatti, io ne (rompere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ho rotti)<\/span><\/span> due.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stamattina (noi spingere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(abbiamo spinto)<\/span><\/span> la macchina perch\u00e9 non partiva.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ha piovuto tantissimo, quindi (loro - sospendere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno sospeso)<\/span><\/span> il concerto.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Io e mio fratello (correre)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(abbiamo corso)<\/span><\/span> per dieci chilometri.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A settembre (noi - raccogliere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"16\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(abbiamo raccolto)<\/span><\/span> l'uva per fare il vino.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Io e Carla (rivedersi)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"16\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ci siamo rivisti)<\/span><\/span> dopo molti anni.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I ladri (ammettere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno ammesso)<\/span><\/span> di avere rapinato la banca.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Una donna (accendere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha acceso)<\/span><\/span> una sigaretta al ristorante e gli altri clienti le (chiedere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno chiesto)<\/span><\/span> di uscire.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mia madre (rimanere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(e' rimasta, \u00e8 rimasta)<\/span><\/span> scioccata dal film di ieri.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(tu - decidere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hai deciso)<\/span><\/span> di non fumare pi\u00f9 e (tu - smettere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hai smesso)<\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gloria e Federica (vedersi)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"13\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(si sono viste)<\/span><\/span> ieri (ridere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno riso)<\/span><\/span> molto.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(Loro tradurre)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno tradotto)<\/span><\/span> il film dall'inglese all'italiano e non mi piace.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Luigi (convincere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha convinto)<\/span><\/span> sua mamma ad andare in palestra.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mia sorella (rimpiangere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"12\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ha rimpianto)<\/span><\/span> di non avere studiato medicina all'universit\u00e0.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>L'incidente (succedere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(e' successo, \u00e8 successo)<\/span><\/span> molto rapidamente.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Con gli antibiotici, la febbre (scendere) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(e' scesa, \u00e8 scesa)<\/span><\/span> subito.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>(Loro - richiedere)\u00a0<span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"15\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(hanno richiesto)<\/span><\/span> molti documenti per il mio passaporto italiano.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Controlla le risposte giuste e finisci il quiz<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Controlla le risposte giuste e finisci il quiz<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_68',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 68,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 41,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0],\n                    bo: 7552,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: [41],\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"260\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":260,\"catId\":0,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"hanno fatto\"],[\"abbiamo detto\"],[\"ha deciso\"],[\"sono nati\"],[\"sei stato\"],[\"\\u00e8 dipesa\",\"e' dipesa\"],[\"ha corso\"],[\"abbiamo vinto\"],[\"sono scesi\"],[\"\\u00e8 sceso\",\"e' sceso\"]]},\"261\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":261,\"catId\":0,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"\\u00e8 stata\",\"e' stata\"],[\"ha speso\"],[\"ha detto\"],[\"sei venuto\"],[\"mi sono vestito\"],[\"\\u00e8 morto\",\"e' morto\"],[\"sono cresciuti\"],[\"ha nascosto\"],[\"ha spento\"],[\"\\u00e8 intervenuta\",\"e' intervenuta\"]]},\"262\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":262,\"catId\":0,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"ha preso\"],[\"ho rotti\"],[\"abbiamo spinto\"],[\"hanno sospeso\"],[\"abbiamo corso\"],[\"abbiamo raccolto\"],[\"ci siamo rivisti\"],[\"hanno ammesso\"],[\"ha acceso\"],[\"hanno chiesto\"],[\"e' rimasta\",\"\\u00e8 rimasta\"],[\"hai deciso\"],[\"hai smesso\"],[\"si sono viste\"],[\"hanno riso\"],[\"hanno tradotto\"],[\"ha convinto\"],[\"ha rimpianto\"],[\"e' successo\",\"\\u00e8 successo\"],[\"e' scesa\",\"\\u00e8 scesa\"],[\"hanno richiesto\"]]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:36px;color:#ab2227;margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-family:Georgia,serif\">\u00a7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Seven questions about the italian past participle come up in every B1 to B2 cohort. The answers below draw on classroom usage and on the Accademia della Crusca note on the <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/accordo-del-participio-passato\/23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accordo del participio passato<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-pp-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do I form the regular Italian past participle?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Drop the infinitive ending and add -ato for -are verbs, -uto for -ere verbs, -ito for -ire verbs. Parlare becomes parlato, credere becomes creduto, finire becomes finito. The -are and -ire groups are almost fully regular; most irregular participles belong to the -ere group and have to be memorised.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pp-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What are the most common irregular Italian past participles?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>High-frequency irregulars include essere (stato), fare (fatto), dire (detto), scrivere (scritto), leggere (letto), vedere (visto), prendere (preso), mettere (messo), chiedere (chiesto), aprire (aperto), chiudere (chiuso), venire (venuto), nascere (nato), vivere (vissuto), rimanere (rimasto), scegliere (scelto), rompere (rotto), vincere (vinto). Group them by root: produrre, tradurre and condurre all end in -otto.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pp-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When does the Italian past participle agree with the subject?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Always when the auxiliary is essere. In Maria e arrivata or I ragazzi sono partiti the participle agrees with the subject in gender and number. The same applies to reflexives, which always take essere: mi sono alzata. With avere the default is no agreement unless a direct-object pronoun comes before the verb.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pp-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why does Le ho viste end in -e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Because the direct-object pronoun le (them, feminine plural) precedes the verb. When lo, la, li, le or partitive ne comes before a verb conjugated with avere, the Italian past participle agrees with that pronoun. Le ho viste means I saw them, feminine. Without the pronoun the participle stays invariable: Ho visto le ragazze, no -e on visto.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pp-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can the Italian past participle be used as an adjective?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, very often. Una porta chiusa, un preventivo scritto, una finestra aperta all use the participle as an adjective agreeing with its noun. Some have drifted so far the dictionary lists them as independent adjectives: stanco, dotto, aperto. Italian also has shortened participi accorciati like colmo and domo, used only as adjectives.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pp-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is a clausal past participle like Finito il lavoro?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is a compact subordinate clause headed by the participle with no auxiliary, typical of written and formal Italian. Finito il lavoro, andai a casa means once the work was done, I went home. It implies the event is complete before the main clause. The participle agrees with its subject or object: finita la cena, scritto il preventivo. It is not available with durative verbs like nuotare.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-pp-7\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do I know whether a verb takes essere or avere?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Rule of thumb: transitive verbs take avere, verbs of motion and change of state take essere, reflexives always take essere. Ho stampato i documenti, sono andato a Padova, mi sono svegliato. A productive group takes avere when transitive and essere when intransitive: ho finito i lavori versus e finito il film. Modal verbs copy the auxiliary of the infinitive they govern.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Three guides that pair with the italian past participle, plus an institutional reference on agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-passato-prossimo-vs-imperfetto\/\">Italian Passato Prossimo vs Imperfetto<\/a>: the participle inside the past-tense system.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-gerund\/\">Italian Gerund<\/a>: the other indefinite mood, for simultaneous actions.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-modal-verbs\/\">Italian Modal Verbs<\/a>: how the participle behaves after dovere, potere, volere.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/accordo-del-participio-passato\/23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Accademia della Crusca: accordo del participio passato<\/a>: institutional note on agreement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d In short. The italian past participle (participio passato) does four jobs. It builds every compound tense from passato prossimo to condizionale passato, it agrees with the subject when the auxiliary is essere, it agrees with a preceding direct-object pronoun when the auxiliary is avere, and it works both as a plain adjective (la porta &#8230; <a title=\"Italian Past Participle: Forms, Agreement, Clausal Uses\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-past-participle\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Italian Past Participle: Forms, Agreement, Clausal Uses\">Read more \u226b<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1866],"tags":[1587,1588,1586,1589,1590],"class_list":["post-27396","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b2","tag-italian-irregular-past-participle","tag-participi-irregolari-italiano","tag-passato-prossimo-irregolare-italiano","tag-quiz-passato-prossimo-irregolare","tag-quiz-passato-prossimo-italian","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27396","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27396"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27396\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60174,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27396\/revisions\/60174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27396"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27396"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27396"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}