{"id":22180,"date":"2019-03-21T23:44:04","date_gmt":"2019-03-21T14:44:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=22180"},"modified":"2026-06-04T02:49:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T17:49:03","slug":"italian-subjunctive-tenses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-subjunctive-tenses\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Subjunctive Tenses: How to Match Them With the Main Clause"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> The Italian subjunctive (<em>congiuntivo<\/em>) has four tenses: <em>presente<\/em>, <em>passato<\/em>, <em>imperfetto<\/em>, <em>trapassato<\/em>. The challenge is not the conjugation, it is pairing the right tense with the right main clause. <strong>Italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> follow a two-axis system: when the embedded action happens (before, during, or after the main clause) and which zone the main clause belongs to (present or past).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An anglophone who learned \u00abpenso che + presente\u00bb and stopped there will sooner or later say <em>Pensavo che Mario torni<\/em> and get a raised eyebrow from every Italian in the room. That mismatch is what the <em>consecutio temporum del congiuntivo<\/em> fixes. The system looks intricate at first glance and becomes almost mechanical once you grasp the two zones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide walks through the four <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong>, the three windows of time they encode (before, during, after), the four kinds of main clause they have to match (present, past, conditional, future), the cinema-style logic that makes the choice intuitive, and the verbs that bend the rule (<em>volere<\/em> vs <em>sperare<\/em>). At the end you will find a real dialogue, a mini challenge, a quiz, and seven FAQs. Level B2, practical, not theoretical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-subj\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-title-subj gb-headline-text\" style=\"text-align:center\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#why-four\">Why the subjunctive has four tenses and italian keeps all of them<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#four-forms\">The four italian subjunctive tenses at a glance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#filmmaker\">The filmmaker analogy: flashback, scene, scene to shoot<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#present-zone\">Main clause in the present: penso che, voglio che<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#past-zone\">Main clause in the past: pensavo che, ho pensato che<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conditional-zone\">Main clause in the conditional: vorrei che, avrei voluto che<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#future-zone\">Main clause in the future: penser\u00f2 che (rare but real)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#volere-sperare\">Volere vs sperare: the wish that cannot reach the past<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#exception\">When passato prossimo still feels present<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#triggers\">Trigger verbs and conjunctions by category<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialogue\">Dialogue at Bologna airport<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#challenge\">\ud83c\udfaf Mini-challenge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions on italian subjunctive tenses<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-four\">Why the subjunctive has four tenses and italian keeps all of them<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English collapsed its subjunctive centuries ago, while the full set of <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> stayed alive. What remains in English is ceremonial: \u00abIf I were you\u00bb, \u00abI suggest he go\u00bb. Italian never collapsed it. Every trigger verb (<em>penso<\/em>, <em>voglio<\/em>, <em>dubito<\/em>, <em>temo<\/em>, <em>suppongo<\/em>) still opens a subordinate clause where the speaker is expected to mark time with precision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> split along two axes: when the embedded action happens relative to the main clause (before, during, or after) and whether the main clause itself is in the present zone or the past zone. That is all the system is. Once the axes click, the rest is mechanical.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-obs-subj1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>One rule that simplifies everything.<\/strong> If the main verb is in the present or future zone, the subordinate subjunctive will be <em>presente<\/em> or <em>passato<\/em>. If the main verb is in the past or conditional zone, the subordinate subjunctive will be <em>imperfetto<\/em> or <em>trapassato<\/em>. That single split covers about 90 percent of the cases you will ever produce.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"four-forms\">The four italian subjunctive tenses at a glance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A quick look at the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> in practice, using <em>tornare<\/em> (to come back) and <em>io<\/em>. The four tenses, left to right in time:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>Tense<\/th><th>Form<\/th><th>Example in English<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr><td>Presente<\/td><td>che io torni<\/td><td>that I come back<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Passato<\/td><td>che io sia tornato<\/td><td>that I have come back \/ came back<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Imperfetto<\/td><td>che io tornassi<\/td><td>that I came back \/ was coming back<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Trapassato<\/td><td>che io fossi tornato<\/td><td>that I had come back<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong>, the <em>presente<\/em> and <em>imperfetto<\/em> express an action that is simultaneous with the main clause. The <em>passato<\/em> and <em>trapassato<\/em> express an action that happened before the main clause. Which pair you use depends on whether the main clause is in the present zone or the past zone. That is the real choice.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-obs-subj2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>Morphology warning.<\/strong> The imperfetto congiuntivo endings (<em>tornassi, tornassi, tornasse, tornassimo, tornaste, tornassero<\/em>) are close to the passato remoto of some verbs. <em>Tornasse<\/em> (subjunctive) vs <em>torn\u00f2<\/em> (passato remoto). Different animals. In writing, this is the single most common subjunctive error among anglophones.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"filmmaker\">The filmmaker analogy: flashback, scene, scene to shoot<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before plunging into the rules, picture the system this way. Choosing among the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> is like being the screenwriter of a crime film. Every subordinate clause is a scene, and you have to decide three things: is it a flashback (action that happened earlier), a scene rolling in real time (action that overlaps with the main verb), or a scene that has yet to be filmed (action that will happen after)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Flashback (anterior)<\/strong>: the action of the subordinate happens before the main verb.<br><em>Penso che Tonio abbia rifinito il lavoro in fretta. \u2192 He has already worked, before this moment.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Real time (simultaneous)<\/strong>: the action overlaps with the main verb.<br><em>Penso che Tonio sia un bravo elettricista. \u2192 He is a good electrician right now.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Scene to shoot (posterior)<\/strong>: the action will happen later.<br><em>Penso che Tonio far\u00e0 un ottimo lavoro al prossimo cantiere. \u2192 Italian skips the subjunctive here because no congiuntivo futuro exists.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice the last point: <em>there is no congiuntivo futuro in Italian<\/em>. When the subordinate action lies in the future, Italian uses the indicativo futuro (or the present, in casual speech) even after a trigger that would normally call for the subjunctive. This is one of the asymmetries that separates the Italian system from the Latin it inherits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"present-zone\">Main clause in the present: penso che, voglio che, dubito che<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the first zone for <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong>. Main verb in the <em>presente<\/em>, <em>passato prossimo<\/em> with present relevance, or <em>futuro<\/em>. The subordinate subjunctive uses <em>presente<\/em> for simultaneity or posteriority and <em>passato<\/em> for anteriority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Simultaneous or future.<\/strong> Penso che Mario <em>torni<\/em> stasera.<br><em>I think Mario is coming back tonight.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Anterior.<\/strong> Penso che Mario <em>sia tornato<\/em> ieri.<br><em>I think Mario came back yesterday.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ongoing right now.<\/strong> Penso che Mario <em>stia tornando<\/em>.<br><em>I think Mario is coming back right now.<\/em> The progressive <em>stare + gerundio<\/em> is standard in the spoken register.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The present-zone pairing is the one every textbook starts from, because it mirrors the English template \u00abI think that + clause\u00bb. The only surprise for anglophones is that Italian needs a marked form (<em>torni<\/em>, <em>sia tornato<\/em>) where English uses the bare indicative (\u00abcomes\u00bb, \u00abcame\u00bb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical triggers for this zone include <em>penso che<\/em>, <em>credo che<\/em>, <em>suppongo che<\/em>, <em>dubito che<\/em>, <em>spero che<\/em>, <em>voglio che<\/em>, <em>preferisco che<\/em>, <em>mi piace che<\/em>, <em>\u00e8 bene che<\/em>, <em>\u00e8 strano che<\/em>, <em>sembra che<\/em>, <em>pare che<\/em>, <em>basta che<\/em>, <em>purch\u00e9<\/em>, <em>a condizione che<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task1-subj\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task.<\/strong> Fill with the right subjunctive form (present zone):<\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Penso che Giulia (parlare) ___ bene l&#8217;inglese (now).<\/li>\n<li>Credo che ieri (piovere) ___ molto forte.<\/li>\n<li>Mi pare che Roberto (arrivare) ___ stamattina.<\/li>\n<li>Dubito che Elena (conoscere) ___ tutta la storia (now).<\/li>\n<li>Voglio che voi (stare) ___ calmi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/summary>\n<p>1. parli (simultaneous, presente). 2. sia piovuto (anterior, passato). 3. sia arrivato (anterior). 4. conosca (simultaneous). 5. stiate (simultaneous, presente).<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"past-zone\">Main clause in the past: pensavo che, ho pensato che, avevo pensato che<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the second zone where the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> reshuffle. Main verb in the <em>imperfetto<\/em>, <em>passato prossimo<\/em> without present relevance, <em>passato remoto<\/em>, or <em>trapassato prossimo<\/em>. The subordinate subjunctive uses <em>imperfetto<\/em> for simultaneity or posteriority and <em>trapassato<\/em> for anteriority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Simultaneous.<\/strong> Pensavo che Mario <em>tornasse<\/em> a casa.<br><em>I thought Mario was coming back home.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Anterior.<\/strong> Pensavo che Mario <em>fosse tornato<\/em> a casa.<br><em>I thought Mario had come back home.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Posterior.<\/strong> Pensavo che Mario <em>sarebbe tornato<\/em> a casa.<br><em>I thought Mario would come back home.<\/em> This is the \u00abfuture in the past\u00bb and uses the condizionale passato, not a subjunctive form.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ongoing in the past.<\/strong> Pensavo che Mario <em>stesse tornando<\/em>.<br><em>I thought Mario was on his way back.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anglophones often try to reuse the present forms in this zone because English keeps the tense low-profile in reported speech. \u00abI thought Mario comes back\u00bb sounds wrong in English too, but learners still produce <em>Pensavo che Mario torni<\/em>. The imperfetto subjunctive (<em>tornasse<\/em>) is non-negotiable here.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-obs-subj3\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>The posterior slot is not a subjunctive.<\/strong> \u00abMario said he would come back tomorrow\u00bb becomes <em>Mario ha detto che sarebbe tornato il giorno dopo<\/em>. The condizionale passato fills the role of \u00abfuture in the past\u00bb even when the main clause triggers the subjunctive in other positions. This is the single biggest gap in most B1 textbooks.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conditional-zone\">Main clause in the conditional: vorrei che, avrei voluto che<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The third zone for <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> is the trickiest for anglophones. A conditional in the main clause (<em>vorrei<\/em>, <em>avrei voluto<\/em>, <em>mi piacerebbe<\/em>, <em>preferirei<\/em>) pulls the subjunctive into the past-zone pair: <em>imperfetto<\/em> or <em>trapassato<\/em>, never presente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Present conditional.<\/strong> Vorrei che Mario <em>venisse<\/em> con me.<br><em>I would like Mario to come with me.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Past conditional.<\/strong> Avrei voluto che Mario <em>venisse<\/em> con me.<br><em>I would have liked Mario to come with me.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Past conditional, anterior.<\/strong> Avrei voluto che Mario <em>fosse venuto<\/em> prima.<br><em>I would have liked Mario to have come earlier.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The logic: <em>vorrei<\/em> is grammatically a conditional but pragmatically a softened wish about something not yet real. Italian treats \u00abnot yet real\u00bb the same way it treats \u00abno longer present\u00bb, and both trigger the imperfetto or trapassato subjunctive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"future-zone\">Main clause in the future: penser\u00f2 che (rare but real)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Main clause in the <em>futuro semplice<\/em> or <em>futuro anteriore<\/em> belongs to the present zone as far as <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> and their agreement go. You will hear it less often because Italians tend to replace \u00abPenser\u00f2 che&#8230;\u00bb with <em>Penser\u00f2 a&#8230;<\/em> or a present-tense paraphrase, but when the subjunctive is required it still comes in presente or passato.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Penser\u00f2 che Mario <em>torni<\/em> stasera.<br><em>I will think that Mario is coming back tonight.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Penser\u00f2 che Mario <em>sia tornato<\/em> ieri.<br><em>I will think that Mario came back yesterday.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Formal writing is where this pattern actually lives: journalism, essays, official speeches. In conversation the futuro main clause with subjunctive is rare enough that knowing it exists is often all you need at B2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"volere-sperare\">Volere vs sperare: the wish that cannot reach the past<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two verbs that look like siblings actually behave differently in the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> system. <em>Volere<\/em> (to want) and <em>sperare<\/em> (to hope) both express desire, but only <em>sperare<\/em> can reach backwards in time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Volere<\/strong> is a desire about something that has not happened yet. It is, by definition, projected into the future. You cannot want something that has already occurred, the past is already crystallised. So Italian rejects <em>Voglio che la settimana scorsa abbia funzionato il riscaldamento<\/em> as logically incoherent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Voglio che tu studi. <em>(future action)<\/em><br><em>I want you to study.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Voglio che domani sia una bella giornata. <em>(future event)<\/em><br><em>I want tomorrow to be a beautiful day.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>NOT: *Voglio che tu abbia studiato ieri. <em>(logically broken: cannot want past events)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sperare<\/strong> is different. It includes the nuance of \u00abhoping to find out\u00bb. You can hope that something already turned out well, because what you are really hoping for is the good news to arrive in your present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Spero che tu studi. <em>(future, like volere)<\/em><br><em>I hope you study.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Spero che l&#8217;esame sia andato bene. <em>(past event, hoping for good news)<\/em><br><em>I hope the exam went well.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Spero che il convegno di ieri sia andato bene.<br><em>I hope yesterday&#8217;s conference went well.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To express a wish about something already past, Italian switches strategy: use the conditional plus the trapassato congiuntivo. <em>Avrei voluto che tu fossi venuto<\/em> (I would have liked you to come). It is a way of admitting \u00abI cannot change the past, but here is what I would have preferred\u00bb. This subtle distinction is rarely covered in textbooks but is central to how Italians actually wield the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exception\">When passato prossimo still feels present<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most B1 textbooks teach that the <em>passato prossimo<\/em> always pairs with the past-zone subjunctive (<em>imperfetto<\/em> or <em>trapassato<\/em>). That is mostly true, but not always. When the effect of the past action still holds in the present, Italians often reach back for the present-zone subjunctive even after a passato prossimo. This crack in the schema is one of the most underestimated patterns in the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mi ha fatto piacere che vi <em>siate conosciuti<\/em>.<br><em>I was pleased that you got to know each other.<\/em> The pleasure is still active now, the knowing each other still continues.<\/li>\n<li>Non ho ancora letto un libro che mi <em>piaccia<\/em> davvero.<br><em>I have not yet read a book I really like.<\/em> The reading habit continues, the search for a good book is still on.<\/li>\n<li>Non abbiamo capito perch\u00e9 Sandro si <em>sia offeso<\/em>.<br><em>We did not understand why Sandro got upset.<\/em> The non-understanding still holds, hence the present-zone subjunctive.<\/li>\n<li>Contrast: Non capivamo perch\u00e9 Sandro si <em>fosse offeso<\/em>.<br><em>We did not understand why Sandro had got upset.<\/em> Both clauses locked in the past, no present relevance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diagnostic: if you can add <em>e ancora non lo capiamo<\/em> (and we still do not understand) to the sentence without changing the meaning, the present-zone subjunctive is legitimate. Otherwise go back to the imperfetto or trapassato. This exception is what separates a careful Italian speaker from a textbook-rigid one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"triggers\">Trigger verbs and conjunctions by category<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> only show up after a clause that triggers them. The triggers fall into five families, and each family carries a distinct flavour of uncertainty, desire, emotion, necessity, or contrast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Opinion (linguistic humility):<\/strong> credo che, penso che, mi pare che, suppongo che, ritengo che, immagino che, sospetto che. The speaker admits the claim is subjective.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wish or wanting (future-oriented):<\/strong> voglio che, desidero che, preferisco che, mi piacerebbe che. By their nature these point forward, so the subordinate cannot be in the past with <em>volere<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feeling (present reaction to any time):<\/strong> mi dispiace che, sono felice che, ho paura che, temo che, mi sorprende che. The emotion is always present, but the trigger event can be past, simultaneous, or future.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Impersonal necessity (universal authority):<\/strong> \u00e8 necessario che, bisogna che, \u00e8 meglio che, \u00e8 possibile che, \u00e8 probabile che. Sounds more authoritative than personal opinion.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conjunctions that always rule (zero exceptions):<\/strong> bench\u00e9, sebbene, prima che, purch\u00e9, a condizione che, affinch\u00e9, perch\u00e9 (only as \u00abin order that\u00bb, NOT as \u00abbecause\u00bb).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trickiest conjunction is <em>perch\u00e9<\/em>, which wears two faces. As a cause it takes the indicative (\u00abNon vengo perch\u00e9 sono malato\u00bb). As a purpose it takes the subjunctive (\u00abTe lo dico perch\u00e9 tu capisca\u00bb). A useful test: try to swap <em>perch\u00e9<\/em> with <em>affinch\u00e9<\/em>. If the sentence still works, you need the subjunctive. If it does not, stick with the indicative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A short list of <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> errors that show up most often in writing and speech, with the corrected form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Imperfetto indicativo instead of imperfetto congiuntivo.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Pensavo che Mario tornava.<\/em> \u2705 <em>Pensavo che Mario tornasse.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Presente congiuntivo after vorrei.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Vorrei che Mario venga.<\/em> \u2705 <em>Vorrei che Mario venisse.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Same-subject che-clause instead of di + infinito.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Mario pensa che lui sia in ritardo.<\/em> \u2705 <em>Mario pensa di essere in ritardo.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sia tornato vs fosse tornato.<\/strong> Anchor to the main verb. Penso che&#8230; sia tornato. Pensavo che&#8230; fosse tornato.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Forgetting the condizionale passato for future-in-the-past.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Mario ha detto che torni il giorno dopo.<\/em> \u2705 <em>Mario ha detto che sarebbe tornato il giorno dopo.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Avrei voluto che + presente.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Avrei voluto che tu venga.<\/em> \u2705 <em>Avrei voluto che tu venissi<\/em> (or <em>fossi venuto<\/em> if anterior).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Main verb in presente \/ futuro \u2192 subordinate in congiuntivo presente (during\/after) or passato (before).<\/li>\n<li>Main verb in imperfetto \/ passato prossimo \/ passato remoto \/ trapassato \u2192 subordinate in congiuntivo imperfetto (during) or trapassato (before).<\/li>\n<li>Main verb in condizionale (presente or passato) \u2192 subordinate in congiuntivo imperfetto (default) or trapassato (anterior).<\/li>\n<li>Posterior action in a past-zone main clause \u2192 condizionale passato, not a subjunctive.<\/li>\n<li>Progressive forms <em>stia<\/em> \/ <em>stesse<\/em> + gerundio are standard for ongoing action.<\/li>\n<li>Same subject in both clauses \u2192 di + infinito, not che-clause.<\/li>\n<li>Passato prossimo with present-still-active effect \u2192 can take present-zone subjunctive.<\/li>\n<li>Volere cannot project into the past; for past wishes use <em>avrei voluto che + congiuntivo imperfetto\/trapassato<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Sperare can reach the past: <em>spero che sia andato bene<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>No congiuntivo futuro exists. Future action after a trigger uses the indicativo futuro.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialogue\">Dialogue at Bologna airport<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beatrice and Leo are stuck at Bologna airport after their flight got pushed back. As they wait, every line carries an italian subjunctive tense in action.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-subj\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Credevo che il volo <em>partisse<\/em> alle undici.<br><em>I thought the flight was leaving at eleven.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <strong>Leo:<\/strong> Anch&#8217;io. Pensavo che <em>avessero spostato<\/em> l&#8217;orario per il maltempo, invece no.<br><em>Me too. I thought they had moved the time because of the bad weather, but no.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Avrei voluto che qualcuno ci <em>avvisasse<\/em>. Non \u00e8 normale non ricevere niente.<br><em>I would have liked someone to warn us. It is not normal to get nothing.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <strong>Leo:<\/strong> Temevo che <em>fosse<\/em> colpa nostra, che <em>avessimo letto<\/em> male il biglietto.<br><em>I was afraid it was our fault, that we had read the ticket wrong.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Mi sarebbe piaciuto che l&#8217;aeroporto <em>fosse<\/em> pi\u00f9 organizzato, almeno con un annuncio.<br><em>I would have liked the airport to be more organised, at least with an announcement.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <strong>Leo:<\/strong> Pensa, credevo che <em>stessero scherzando<\/em> quando hanno detto \u00abritardo di otto ore\u00bb.<br><em>Just think, I thought they were joking when they said \u00abeight-hour delay\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Beatrice:<\/strong> Non ho ancora capito perch\u00e9 non ci <em>abbiano rimborsato<\/em> il taxi.<br><em>I still have not understood why they have not reimbursed the taxi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd <strong>Leo:<\/strong> Spero che la prossima volta <em>vada<\/em> meglio. E spero che ieri Anna <em>sia partita<\/em> in tempo dal suo aeroporto.<br><em>I hope next time it goes better. And I hope Anna left her airport on time yesterday.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Count the forms: imperfetto (<em>partisse, avvisasse, fosse, stessero scherzando<\/em>), trapassato (<em>avessero spostato, avessimo letto, abbiano rimborsato<\/em>), presente (<em>vada, sia partita<\/em>). Eight turns, five of the seven paradigm combinations represented, including the \u00abpassato prossimo with present relevance\u00bb exception in <em>abbiano rimborsato<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-challenge-subj\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"challenge\">\ud83c\udfaf Mini-challenge<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fill in the blank with the correct italian subjunctive tense:<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Penso che Marta ___ (tornare) ieri sera.<\/li>\n<li>Pensavo che voi ___ (arrivare) prima di noi.<\/li>\n<li>Vorrei che tu mi ___ (chiamare) quando arrivi.<\/li>\n<li>Avrei voluto che la riunione ___ (finire) prima delle otto.<\/li>\n<li>Non ho ancora capito perch\u00e9 loro ___ (decidere) di partire cos\u00ec presto.<\/li>\n<li>Credevo che in quel momento Luca ___ (stare) dormendo.<\/li>\n<li>Spero che ieri il pranzo dei nonni ___ (andare) bene.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<details><summary>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/summary>\n<ol>\n<li>sia tornata.<\/li>\n<li>foste arrivati.<\/li>\n<li>chiami (or chiamassi, if the context is past).<\/li>\n<li>finisse (or fosse finita, anterior).<\/li>\n<li>abbiano deciso (the effect still holds, present-zone subjunctive).<\/li>\n<li>stesse.<\/li>\n<li>sia andato (sperare can reach the past).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Practise the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> with the quiz below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-subj\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_94\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. 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line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Un <strong>Pacchetto da 10 Lezioni<\/strong> ti d&agrave; dieci sessioni di 55 minuti con un insegnante madrelingua, ai tuoi tempi.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">Pacchetto 10 Lezioni<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Pacchetto 10 Lezioni\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Scopri il Pacchetto 10 Lezioni &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35\">Ottima base. Costruiamoci sopra.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Una <strong>lezione settimanale 1:1<\/strong> ti d&agrave; il ritmo e il feedback personalizzato per trasformare ci&ograve; che sai in italiano che parli senza pensarci.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">Lezione settimanale 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Lezione settimanale 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Prenota una lezione 1:1 settimanale &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35\">Ottimo lavoro. Sei pronto\/a per il gruppo.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong> ti porta nell&#8217;italiano vero, al ritmo dei madrelingua.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35\">Bravissimo! Ce l&#8217;hai fatta.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Sei pronto\/a per <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong>, 100% in italiano.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Pick the subjunctive tense that matches the main clause<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Setting.<\/strong> Twelve short scenes across Italian cities. In each one, the main clause is given. Your job is to pair it with the right subjunctive tense in the subordinate. The hint inside the parentheses tells you which tense is required: <em>presente, passato, imperfetto, trapassato<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Two-axis rule. (1) If the main clause is in the present or future zone, use cong. presente (simultaneous) or cong. passato (anterior). (2) If the main clause is in the past or conditional zone, use cong. imperfetto (simultaneous) or cong. trapassato (anterior). Posterior actions in the past zone take condizionale passato, not subjunctive.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6421\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ul><li>Marta crede che suo fratello (lavora, lavori, lavorasse) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(lavori)<\/span><\/span> troppo in questi mesi alil gruppo del giornale di Perugia.<br><br><em>Marta thinks her brother is working too much these months at the Perugia newspaper office.<\/em><\/li><li>Tommaso pensa che il treno (sia arrivato, fosse arrivato, \u00e8 arrivato) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"12\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sia arrivato)<\/span><\/span> con mezz'ora di ritardo ieri sera alla stazione di Pisa.<br><br><em>Tommaso thinks the train arrived half an hour late yesterday evening at Pisa station.<\/em><\/li><li>Beatrice e Leo all'aeroporto di Bologna credevano che il volo per Catania (parte, parta, partisse) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(partisse)<\/span><\/span> alle undici.<br><br><em>Beatrice and Leo at Bologna airport believed the flight to Catania was leaving at eleven.<\/em><\/li><li>Elena pensava che il pacco dalla Germania (sia arrivato, fosse arrivato, arrivava) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"14\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(fosse arrivato)<\/span><\/span> gi\u00e0 il giorno prima al portierato del condominio.<br><br><em>Elena thought the parcel from Germany had already arrived the day before at the building concierge.<\/em><\/li><li>Pietro vorrebbe che Giulia lo (chiamasse, chiami, chiamerebbe) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(chiamasse)<\/span><\/span> prima di passare a prendere le chiavi del nuovo studio a Verona.<br><br><em>Pietro would like Giulia to call him before stopping by to pick up the keys to the new studio in Verona.<\/em><\/li><li>Chiara avrebbe voluto che il rifugio in Val Pusteria (sia stato, era, fosse stato) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(fosse stato)<\/span><\/span> aperto anche a novembre, l'anno dopo l'apertura della funivia.<br><br><em>Chiara would have wanted the refuge in Val Pusteria to have been open in November too, the year after the cable car opened.<\/em><\/li><li>Marta penser\u00e0 spesso che Lorenzo (stia, stesse, sta) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"4\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(stia)<\/span><\/span> preparando i disegni per la mostra di architettura a Brescia in queste settimane.<br><br><em>Marta will often think that Lorenzo is preparing the drawings for the architecture exhibition in Brescia these weeks.<\/em><\/li><li>Bench\u00e9 la sala d'attesa dell'aeroporto (\u00e8, sia, fosse) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"3\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sia)<\/span><\/span> piena di passeggeri stanchi, due viaggiatori trovano due posti liberi vicino al finestrone.<br><br><em>Even though the airport waiting room is full of tired passengers, two travellers find two free seats near the large window.<\/em><\/li><li>Francesco \u00e8 uscito a fare la spesa al mercato coperto sebbene (pioveva, piova, piovesse) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(piovesse)<\/span><\/span> a dirotto su Lecce.<br><br><em>Francesco went out to do the shopping at the covered market even though it was pouring down on Lecce.<\/em><\/li><li>Marta non ha ancora capito perch\u00e9 Tommaso non le (risponde, risponda, rispondesse) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(risponda)<\/span><\/span> ai messaggi da due giorni.<br><br><em>Marta still has not understood why Tommaso has not been replying to her messages for two days.<\/em><\/li><li>Beatrice vorrebbe che la compagnia aerea le (abbia rimborsato, rimborsasse, avesse rimborsato) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"17\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(avesse rimborsato)<\/span><\/span> il taxi gi\u00e0 la settimana scorsa, non oggi con una mail tardiva.<br><br><em>Beatrice would like the airline to have already reimbursed her taxi last week, not today with a late email.<\/em><\/li><li>Tommaso spera che ieri il colloquio orale di sua sorella all'universit\u00e0 di Pisa (sia andato, fosse andato, andasse) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(sia andato)<\/span><\/span> davvero bene.<br><br><em>Tommaso hopes his sister's oral exam at the university of Pisa went really well yesterday.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>12 of 12. Both axes locked: zone of the main clause + timing of the subordinate.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Review the two-axis grid:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse;margin:8px 0\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">Main clause<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">Anterior (before)<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">Simultaneous (during)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\"><strong>presente \/ futuro<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">cong. passato (<em>sia tornato<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">cong. presente (<em>torni<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\"><strong>imperfetto \/ passato prossimo \/ passato remoto \/ trapassato<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">cong. trapassato (<em>fosse tornato<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">cong. imperfetto (<em>tornasse<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\"><strong>condizionale presente \/ passato<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">cong. trapassato (<em>fosse tornato<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:4px 8px;\">cong. imperfetto (<em>tornasse<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Two exceptions worth memorising: (a) a passato prossimo with effects still active in the present accepts the present-zone subjunctive (<em>non ho ancora capito perch\u00e9 lui risponda cos\u00ec<\/em>); (b) <em>sperare<\/em> can reach the past with the present-zone subjunctive (<em>spero che sia andato bene<\/em>), but <em>volere<\/em> cannot.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Locate the main verb first, then ask two questions: (1) is the main clause in the <strong>present\/future zone<\/strong> or the <strong>past\/conditional zone<\/strong>? (2) does the subordinate action happen <strong>before<\/strong> the main verb (anterior) or <strong>during<\/strong> it (simultaneous)? Those two answers pin down the tense.<\/p>\n<p>The infinitive plus the tense label in parentheses (e.g. <em>arrivare &#8211; trapassato<\/em>) tells you which form to build. Just conjugate the right person.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Spot the correct sentence<\/h3>\n<p><em>Select the ONE correct version in each set of three. Watch the mood (indicative vs subjunctive), the sequence (present zone vs past zone), and the trigger word.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6422\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Lorenzo pensa che la mostra al museo di Castelvecchio a Verona chiude alle sette di sera.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Lorenzo pensa che la mostra al museo di Castelvecchio a Verona chiuda alle sette di sera.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> Lorenzo pensa che la mostra al museo di Castelvecchio a Verona chiuderebbe alle sette di sera.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> Elena pensava che il corriere della farmacia passi il marted\u00ec pomeriggio sotto casa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Elena pensava che il corriere della farmacia passava il marted\u00ec pomeriggio sotto casa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> Elena pensava che il corriere della farmacia passasse il marted\u00ec pomeriggio sotto casa.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> Pietro credeva che la sua collega di Trieste avesse gi\u00e0 consegnato la relazione al direttore prima della cena.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> Pietro credeva che la sua collega di Trieste abbia gi\u00e0 consegnato la relazione al direttore prima della cena.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> Pietro credeva che la sua collega di Trieste consegnasse gi\u00e0 la relazione al direttore prima della cena.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> Giulia vuole che ieri il convegno di linguistica a Cagliari sia andato bene per suo cugino relatore.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> Giulia spera che ieri il convegno di linguistica a Cagliari andasse bene per suo cugino relatore.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> Giulia spera che ieri il convegno di linguistica a Cagliari sia andato bene per suo cugino relatore.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> Bench\u00e9 ci sono due ore di ritardo annunciate sui monitor, Beatrice e Leo restano calmi nella sala d'attesa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> Bench\u00e9 ci siano due ore di ritardo annunciate sui monitor, Beatrice e Leo restano calmi nella sala d'attesa.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> Bench\u00e9 ci sarebbero due ore di ritardo annunciate sui monitor, Beatrice e Leo restano calmi nella sala d'attesa.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> Chiara avrebbe voluto che Francesco le avesse detto subito del cambio di programma per il fine settimana in montagna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> Chiara avrebbe voluto che Francesco le dicesse subito del cambio di programma per il fine settimana in montagna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_94_6422\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> Chiara avrebbe voluto che Francesco le abbia detto subito del cambio di programma per il fine settimana in montagna.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>6 of 6. The six classic concordanza traps neutralised.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Six traps to remember:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;\">\n<li><strong>Indicative after penso\/credo<\/strong>: opinion triggers the subjunctive. <em>Penso che la mostra chiuda<\/em>, never <em>chiude<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sequence after pensavo<\/strong>: past-zone main clause needs cong. imperfetto, not cong. presente. <em>Pensavo che passasse<\/em>, not <em>che passi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anteriority in the past zone<\/strong>: when the subordinate is before a past main verb, use cong. trapassato. <em>Credeva che avesse consegnato<\/em>, not <em>che abbia consegnato<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volere cannot reach the past<\/strong>: you cannot want something already finished. Only sperare reaches back: <em>spero che sia andato bene<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Bench\u00e9<\/em>, <em>sebbene<\/em>, <em>prima che<\/em>, <em>purch\u00e9<\/em>, <em>affinch\u00e9<\/em> always take the subjunctive, no exceptions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditional perfect main + anterior subordinate<\/strong>: needs cong. trapassato. <em>Avrei voluto che avesse detto<\/em>, not <em>che dicesse<\/em> (simultaneous) and not <em>che abbia detto<\/em> (wrong zone).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Each trio targets one specific error pattern:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;\">\n<li>Indicative leaking in after an opinion trigger.<\/li>\n<li>Present-zone subjunctive in a past-zone main clause.<\/li>\n<li>Cong. passato where cong. trapassato is required (anteriority in past zone).<\/li>\n<li><em>Volere<\/em> trying to reach the past instead of <em>sperare<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Indicative or conditional after <em>bench\u00e9<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Cong. imperfetto where the anterior wish needs cong. trapassato.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_94',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 94,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 18,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"123\":12,\"124\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"6421\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":6421,\"catId\":123,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"lavori\"],[\"sia arrivato\"],[\"partisse\"],[\"fosse arrivato\"],[\"chiamasse\"],[\"fosse stato\"],[\"stia\"],[\"sia\"],[\"piovesse\"],[\"risponda\"],[\"avesse rimborsato\"],[\"sia andato\"]]},\"6422\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":6422,\"catId\":124,\"points\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0],\"correct\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions on italian subjunctive tenses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common doubts from learners working through the <strong>italian subjunctive tenses<\/strong> and their concordance. The answers below draw on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/consecutio-temporum_(Enciclopedia-dell&amp;apos;Italiano)\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani entry on consecutio temporum<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/congiuntivo_(La-grammatica-italiana)\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani entry on congiuntivo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-subj-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How many tenses does the italian subjunctive have?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The italian subjunctive has four tenses: presente (che io torni), passato (che io sia tornato), imperfetto (che io tornassi) and trapassato (che io fossi tornato). Each pairs with a specific main-clause zone. There is no congiuntivo futuro: future action after a subjunctive trigger uses the indicativo futuro.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-subj-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which subjunctive tense do I use after penso che?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Use the presente for a simultaneous or future action (Penso che Mario torni stasera) and the passato for an anterior action (Penso che Mario sia tornato ieri). The progressive stia + gerundio covers ongoing action.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-subj-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which subjunctive tense do I use after pensavo che?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Use the imperfetto for simultaneity (Pensavo che Mario tornasse) and the trapassato for anteriority (Pensavo che Mario fosse tornato). For posteriority use the condizionale passato (Pensavo che Mario sarebbe tornato), not a subjunctive.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-subj-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why does vorrei che venga sound wrong to italians?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>A conditional in the main clause pulls the subjunctive into the past zone, so the default is imperfetto. Vorrei che venisse is correct. A small group of cognitive verbs (immaginare, supporre) tolerate the presente, but vorrei is not one of them.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-subj-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can I say spero che ieri abbia piovuto but not voglio che ieri abbia piovuto?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Sperare includes the nuance of hoping for news, so it can reach back to past events. Volere is by definition future-oriented: you cannot want something already crystallised in the past. For past wishes use avrei voluto che + congiuntivo imperfetto or trapassato.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-subj-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When does the passato prossimo take the present-zone subjunctive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>When the effect of the past action still holds in the present. Mi ha fatto piacere che vi siate conosciuti works because the pleasure is current and the friendship is ongoing. The test: if you can add e ancora oggi without changing the meaning, the present-zone subjunctive is legitimate.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-subj-7\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Do italian relative clauses use the subjunctive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes, when the antecedent is hypothetical, indefinite, negative, or inside a superlative. Cerco qualcuno che sappia il tedesco (present antecedent, presente congiuntivo). Cercavo qualcuno che sapesse il tedesco (past antecedent, imperfetto congiuntivo). Match the subjunctive tense to the main verb&#8217;s time zone.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now that italian subjunctive tenses clicks, keep going with the guides below for more on italian subjunctive tenses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-counterfactuals-no-se\/\">Italian counterfactuals without se: venisse domani<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-purche-patto-che\/\">Italian conditional conjunctions: purch\u00e9, a condizione che<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-passato-prossimo-vs-imperfetto\/\">Italian imperfetto vs passato prossimo: complete guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/consecutio-temporum_(Enciclopedia-dell&amp;apos;Italiano)\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani entry: consecutio temporum<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d In short. The Italian subjunctive (congiuntivo) has four tenses: presente, passato, imperfetto, trapassato. The challenge is not the conjugation, it is pairing the right tense with the right main clause. Italian subjunctive tenses follow a two-axis system: when the embedded action happens (before, during, or after the main clause) and which zone the main &#8230; <a title=\"Italian Subjunctive Tenses: How to Match Them With the Main Clause\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-subjunctive-tenses\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Italian Subjunctive Tenses: How to Match Them With the Main Clause\">Read more \u226b<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":22204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1866],"tags":[1168,1598],"class_list":["post-22180","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-b2","tag-concordanza-dei-tempi","tag-sequence-tenses-congiuntivo","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22180"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62249,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22180\/revisions\/62249"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22180"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}