{"id":21842,"date":"2019-02-20T07:10:04","date_gmt":"2019-02-19T22:10:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=21842"},"modified":"2026-05-17T00:26:07","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T15:26:07","slug":"italia-verbs-into-nouns-basic-prefixes-quiz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italia-verbs-into-nouns-basic-prefixes-quiz\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Verbs into Nouns: Action and Agent Suffixes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> <em>Turning <strong>italian verbs into nouns<\/strong> means taking an action like <em>partire<\/em> and naming it: <em>la partenza<\/em>. Two big families do the work. Action nouns name the event: <strong>-zione<\/strong> (operare to operazione), <strong>-mento<\/strong> (sentire to sentimento), <strong>-aggio<\/strong> (lavare to lavaggio), <strong>-ura<\/strong> (cuocere to cottura), plus bare-root forms (bloccare to il blocco). Agent nouns name the doer: <strong>-tore \/ -trice<\/strong> (lavorare to lavoratore), and the present participle (cantare to cantante). Learn the two families and you can read, and build, hundreds of italian verbs into nouns on sight.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the practical map of italian verbs into nouns: which suffix names an action and which names the person doing it, how to guess the gender, and how the pattern pairs with its sibling, turning adjectives into nouns. A quiz at the end drills the conversions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-vn\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-h-vn gb-headline-text\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:24px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what\">What it means to nominalize a verb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#zione\">Action nouns: -zione and -sione<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mento\">Action nouns: -mento, -aggio, -ura<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#anza\">Action nouns: -anza and -enza<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#io\">The -io noise nouns<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#zero\">Zero suffixation: il blocco, l&#8217;arrivo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#agent\">Agent nouns: -tore and -trice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#participle\">The present participle as agent<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#gender\">How to guess the gender<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sibling\">Verbs vs adjectives into nouns<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialog\">Dialog: at the Padova bike-repair shop<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: every suffix at a glance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what\">What it means to nominalize a verb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mechanic in Padova finishes a job and writes on the receipt <em>riparazione freni<\/em>, not <em>ho riparato i freni<\/em>. He has turned the verb into a noun so he can label the action, count it, put it on an invoice. That move, from action-word to thing-word, is the whole point of turning italian verbs into nouns. The noun lets you refer back to a whole predicate in a single word, which is why these forms hold written Italian together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are two distinct jobs. One family names the <strong>action<\/strong> itself (<em>la riparazione<\/em>, &#8220;the repairing&#8221;). The other names the <strong>agent<\/strong>, the person or tool doing it (<em>il riparatore<\/em>, &#8220;the repairer&#8221;). Keeping those two apart is the first step, because the same verb usually feeds both, and italian verbs into nouns only make sense once you know which one you need.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-vn-1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>Two questions, two families.<\/strong> <em>&#8220;What is the action called?&#8221; gives an action noun (riparare to la riparazione). &#8220;Who does it?&#8221; gives an agent noun (riparare to il riparatore). Every example of italian verbs into nouns answers one of those two questions.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"zione\">Action nouns: -zione and -sione<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most productive action suffix among italian verbs into nouns is <strong>-zione<\/strong>, with its variant <strong>-sione<\/strong>. It names the action or its result, it is always feminine, and it attaches to a huge number of verbs, especially <em>-are<\/em> ones.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>operare \u2192 l&#8217;operazione<\/em> (operation): <em>L&#8217;operazione \u00e8 riuscita senza complicazioni.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>spiegare \u2192 la spiegazione<\/em> (explanation): <em>Mi serve una spiegazione pi\u00f9 chiara.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>vedere \u2192 la visione<\/em> (vision, viewing): <em>La visione del film \u00e8 vietata ai minori.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>decidere \u2192 la decisione<\/em> (decision): <em>La decisione di Lorenzo ha sorpreso tutti.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>-sione<\/em> form shows up when the verb root ends in <em>-d<\/em> or <em>-s<\/em>: <em>decidere to decisione<\/em>, <em>invadere to invasione<\/em>, <em>deludere to delusione<\/em>. Treat <em>-zione\/-sione<\/em> as the default first guess for an action noun: of all the italian verbs into nouns, this suffix covers more of them than any other single ending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mento\">Action nouns: -mento, -aggio, -ura<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three more action suffixes split the rest of the field. <strong>-mento<\/strong> (masculine) names a process; <strong>-aggio<\/strong> (masculine, often from <em>-are<\/em> verbs) names an operation; <strong>-ura<\/strong> (feminine) names the result or state. These cover a big slice of everyday italian verbs into nouns.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>sentire \u2192 il sentimento<\/em> (feeling): <em>Un sentimento difficile da spiegare.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>insegnare \u2192 l&#8217;insegnamento<\/em> (teaching): <em>Un insegnamento che ricordo ancora.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>lavare \u2192 il lavaggio<\/em> (washing): <em>Il lavaggio dell&#8217;auto costa dieci euro.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>cuocere \u2192 la cottura<\/em> (cooking, doneness): <em>La cottura del pane richiede tempi precisi.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a subtle split worth hearing: <em>-mento<\/em> tends to stress the process (<em>il cambiamento<\/em>, the changing), while <em>-zione<\/em> often points to the result (<em>la trasformazione<\/em>, the finished transformation). The line is soft, but it is a real difference inside italian verbs into nouns and natives feel it.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-vn-2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>-zione or -mento?<\/strong> <em>If you mean the finished result, lean -zione (la trasformazione). If you mean the ongoing process, lean -mento (il cambiamento). When unsure, -zione is the safer guess for italian verbs into nouns.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anza\">Action nouns: -anza and -enza<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A neat sub-family of italian verbs into nouns comes from verbs whose present participle ends in <em>-ante \/ -ente<\/em>. Among the italian verbs into nouns these are the most predictable: they give feminine nouns in <strong>-anza \/ -enza<\/strong> naming a state or quality of the action.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>abbondare \u2192 l&#8217;abbondanza<\/em> (abundance): <em>C&#8217;era abbondanza di posti liberi.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>tollerare \u2192 la tolleranza<\/em> (tolerance): <em>La tolleranza ha un limite.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>esistere \u2192 l&#8217;esistenza<\/em> (existence): <em>L&#8217;esistenza di un&#8217;alternativa cambia tutto.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>dipendere \u2192 la dipendenza<\/em> (dependence): <em>Una dipendenza difficile da rompere.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you can form the present participle, you can usually predict this noun: <em>tollerante to tolleranza<\/em>, <em>esistente to esistenza<\/em>. It is one of the most regular corners of italian verbs into nouns, so it rewards a little memorizing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"io\">The -io noise nouns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small but vivid group of italian verbs into nouns uses a stressed <strong>-io<\/strong> to name a sustained or repeated activity, very often a sound. The stress falls on the <em>i<\/em> (<em>mormor\u00eco<\/em>), and the noun is masculine.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>mormorare \u2192 il mormorio<\/em> (murmuring): <em>Si sentiva solo il mormorio del fiume.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>ronzare \u2192 il ronzio<\/em> (buzzing): <em>Un ronzio fastidioso veniva dal motore.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>luccicare \u2192 il luccichio<\/em> (glittering): <em>Il luccichio dell&#8217;acqua al tramonto.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>formicolare \u2192 il formicolio<\/em> (tingling): <em>Un formicolio alla mano dopo il freddo.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are the italian verbs into nouns that make a description come alive: instead of &#8220;the water was glittering&#8221; you can say <em>il luccichio dell&#8217;acqua<\/em> and let the noun carry the image. Of all the italian verbs into nouns, these are the ones writers reach for to add texture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"zero\">Zero suffixation: il blocco, l&#8217;arrivo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some italian verbs into nouns use no suffix at all. You take the bare verb root and add only the masculine <em>-o<\/em> or feminine <em>-a<\/em>. The result is short, blunt, and very common in administrative and everyday Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>arrivare \u2192 l&#8217;arrivo<\/em> (arrival): <em>L&#8217;arrivo del treno \u00e8 previsto alle nove.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>bloccare \u2192 il blocco<\/em> (block, stoppage): <em>Un blocco del traffico in centro a Modena.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>aumentare \u2192 l&#8217;aumento<\/em> (increase): <em>Un aumento dei prezzi inatteso.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>ritardare \u2192 il ritardo<\/em> (delay): <em>Il ritardo \u00e8 di venti minuti.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You will meet these zero-suffix italian verbs into nouns everywhere bureaucratic Italian appears: timetables, notices, invoices, official letters. They look deceptively simple, but you cannot predict the gender from the verb, so learn each one with its article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"agent\">Agent nouns: -tore and -trice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now the second family. Agent nouns name the person or tool that performs the action, and the workhorse suffix is <strong>-tore<\/strong> (masculine), with feminine <strong>-trice<\/strong>. This is the most regular pattern in all of italian verbs into nouns.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>lavorare \u2192 il lavoratore \/ la lavoratrice<\/em> (worker): <em>Una lavoratrice instancabile.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>allenare \u2192 l&#8217;allenatore \/ l&#8217;allenatrice<\/em> (coach): <em>L&#8217;allenatrice ha cambiato modulo.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>dirigere \u2192 il direttore \/ la direttrice<\/em> (director): <em>La direttrice ha firmato il documento.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>difendere \u2192 il difensore<\/em> (defender, the -sore variant): <em>Il difensore ha sbagliato il passaggio.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the root ends in <em>-d<\/em> or <em>-s<\/em>, the agent suffix is often <strong>-sore<\/strong> instead: <em>aggredire to aggressore<\/em>, <em>invadere to invasore<\/em>. The same suffixes can also name tools, not just people, which keeps these italian verbs into nouns useful far beyond job titles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"participle\">The present participle as agent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A second route to an agent runs through the present participle. Italian verbs whose participle ends in <strong>-ante \/ -ente<\/strong> very often freeze into a noun for &#8220;the person who does it&#8221;. This quietly produces a large share of common italian verbs into nouns.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>cantare \u2192 il\/la cantante<\/em> (singer): <em>La cantante ha incantato la sala.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>studiare \u2192 lo studente \/ la studentessa<\/em> (student): <em>Uno studente del primo anno.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>insegnare \u2192 l&#8217;insegnante<\/em> (teacher): <em>Un&#8217;insegnante di Lucca molto stimata.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>dipendere \u2192 il\/la dipendente<\/em> (employee): <em>Una dipendente puntuale e precisa.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice that many of these are invariable for gender (<em>il cantante \/ la cantante<\/em>): the article does the work. Spotting an <em>-ante \/ -ente<\/em> ending and reading it as &#8220;the one who does X&#8221; opens up a whole layer of italian verbs into nouns at a glance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gender\">How to guess the gender<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The suffix usually fixes the gender of italian verbs into nouns, so you rarely memorize it separately.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Feminine:<\/strong> -zione \/ -sione, -ura, -anza \/ -enza (la spiegazione, la cottura, la tolleranza).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Masculine:<\/strong> -mento, -aggio, -io (il cambiamento, il lavaggio, il mormorio).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Both, by article:<\/strong> -ante \/ -ente agents (il\/la cantante); -tore vs -trice marks the gender directly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zero-suffix forms are the exception: <em>l&#8217;arrivo<\/em> is masculine, <em>la resa<\/em> is feminine, with nothing in the form to tell you. Everywhere else, naming the suffix names the article, which is most of the battle with italian verbs into nouns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sibling\">Verbs vs adjectives into nouns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Italian builds abstract nouns from two starting points. From verbs you get action and agent nouns, the subject of this guide. From adjectives you get quality nouns: <em>bello to la bellezza<\/em>, <em>libero to la libert\u00e0<\/em>. The suffixes barely overlap, so it helps to keep the two systems side by side.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>From a verb: <em>riparare \u2192 la riparazione<\/em> (action), <em>il riparatore<\/em> (agent).<\/li>\n<li>From an adjective: <em>gentile \u2192 la gentilezza<\/em>, <em>abile \u2192 l&#8217;abilit\u00e0<\/em> (quality).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the base word is an action, you are in the territory of italian verbs into nouns and you reach for <em>-zione, -mento, -tore<\/em>. If the base is a quality, you switch systems entirely. The companion guide on turning adjectives into nouns covers that other half in detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Confusing action and agent. <em>La riparazione<\/em> is the repairing, <em>il riparatore<\/em> is the repairer; do not swap them.<\/li>\n<li>Forcing one suffix everywhere. Italian has no single all-purpose ending; guess <em>-zione<\/em> first, then check.<\/li>\n<li>Wrong gender on <em>-mento \/ -zione<\/em>. <em>Il cambiamento<\/em> (m.) but <em>la spiegazione<\/em> (f.); the suffix decides.<\/li>\n<li>Forgetting the feminine agent. It is <em>la direttrice<\/em>, not <em>la direttore<\/em>; <em>-tore<\/em> becomes <em>-trice<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Misreading an <em>-ante \/ -ente<\/em> word as a verb form when it is actually a noun (<em>il cantante<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Inventing a zero-suffix noun. Not every verb gives one; <em>l&#8217;arrivo<\/em> exists, &#8220;il partito&#8221; for partire does not mean &#8220;departure&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialog\">Dialog: at the Padova bike-repair shop<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lorenzo brings a bike to Caterina&#8217;s repair shop in Padova before a long ride. Listen for how often a plain verb turns into a noun mid-sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-vn\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Lorenzo:<\/strong> Ciao, la catena salta. Mi serve una riparazione veloce, parto domani.<br><em>Hi, the chain skips. I need a quick repair, I leave tomorrow.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Vediamo. Serve anche un lavaggio, \u00e8 pieno di fango. La pulizia aiuta la durata.<br><em>Let&#8217;s see. It needs a wash too, it&#8217;s full of mud. Cleaning helps it last.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Lorenzo:<\/strong> Mi fido del tuo giudizio. L&#8217;ultima volta la regolazione dei freni \u00e8 stata perfetta.<br><em>I trust your judgement. Last time the brake adjustment was perfect.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Il problema \u00e8 l&#8217;usura del pignone. Consiglio la sostituzione, non solo una pulizia.<br><em>The problem is the sprocket wear. I recommend replacement, not just a cleaning.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Lorenzo:<\/strong> Quanto incide sul prezzo? Senza esagerazione, spero.<br><em>How much does it affect the price? No exaggeration, I hope.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Una ventina di euro. Faccio anche un controllo generale, \u00e8 compreso nella riparazione.<br><em>About twenty euros. I&#8217;ll do a general check too, it&#8217;s included in the repair.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Lorenzo:<\/strong> Affare fatto. Sei la migliore riparatrice della zona, lo dicono tutti.<br><em>Deal. You&#8217;re the best repairer in the area, everyone says so.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Caterina:<\/strong> Esagerazioni a parte, torna verso le cinque. Il ritiro \u00e8 dopo la chiusura del pranzo.<br><em>Exaggerations aside, come back around five. Pickup is after the lunch closing.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Count them: <em>riparazione, lavaggio, pulizia, durata, giudizio, regolazione, usura, sostituzione, esagerazione, controllo, riparatrice, ritiro, chiusura<\/em>. Action nouns, an agent noun, even a zero-suffix one (<em>il controllo, il ritiro<\/em>): a two-minute repair runs through every family of italian verbs into nouns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: every suffix at a glance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One table for the whole system of italian verbs into nouns. Keep it open while you do the quiz.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-cheat-vn\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Suffix<\/th><th>Family<\/th><th>Gender<\/th><th>Verb \u2192 Noun<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>-zione \/ -sione<\/strong><\/td><td>action<\/td><td>f.<\/td><td>operare \u2192 operazione<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-mento<\/strong><\/td><td>action (process)<\/td><td>m.<\/td><td>sentire \u2192 sentimento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-aggio<\/strong><\/td><td>action<\/td><td>m.<\/td><td>lavare \u2192 lavaggio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-ura<\/strong><\/td><td>action \/ result<\/td><td>f.<\/td><td>cuocere \u2192 cottura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-anza \/ -enza<\/strong><\/td><td>action \/ state<\/td><td>f.<\/td><td>tollerare \u2192 tolleranza<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-io<\/strong><\/td><td>sustained noise<\/td><td>m.<\/td><td>ronzare \u2192 ronzio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>zero suffix<\/strong><\/td><td>action<\/td><td>m. or f.<\/td><td>bloccare \u2192 il blocco<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-tore \/ -trice<\/strong><\/td><td>agent<\/td><td>m. \/ f.<\/td><td>lavorare \u2192 lavoratore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-sore<\/strong><\/td><td>agent<\/td><td>m.<\/td><td>difendere \u2192 difensore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>-ante \/ -ente<\/strong><\/td><td>agent (participle)<\/td><td>by article<\/td><td>cantare \u2192 cantante<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"challenge\">Mini-challenge<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-vn\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge.<\/strong> Turn each verb into the noun asked for, with the right article. Say each one aloud once before checking.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>spiegare \u2192 (action) _____<\/li>\n<li>lavare \u2192 (action) _____<\/li>\n<li>lavorare \u2192 (agent, feminine) _____<\/li>\n<li>arrivare \u2192 (zero-suffix action) _____<\/li>\n<li>insegnare \u2192 (agent, participle) _____<\/li>\n<li>ronzare \u2192 (noise) _____<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <strong>la spiegazione<\/strong> (-zione, f.) \u00b7 2. <strong>il lavaggio<\/strong> (-aggio, m.) \u00b7 3. <strong>la lavoratrice<\/strong> (-trice, f. agent) \u00b7 4. <strong>l&#8217;arrivo<\/strong> (zero-suffix, m.) \u00b7 5. <strong>l&#8217;insegnante<\/strong> (-ante participle agent) \u00b7 6. <strong>il ronzio<\/strong> (-io, m.)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The quiz below gives you verbs to convert into nouns using the action and agent families above. Take it after the cheat sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-vn\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_98\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 2 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align:center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. 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? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You scored <span>0<\/span> out of <span>0<\/span> points, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_catOverview\" >\n                <h4>Categories<\/h4>\n\n                <div style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n                    <ol>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"220\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Cloze: pick the deverbal noun in context<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                                    <li data-category_id=\"233\">\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catName\">Spot the natural sentence: deverbal nouns in context<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"wpProQuiz_catPercent\">0%<\/span>\n                            <\/li>\n                                            <\/ol>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_resultsList\">\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 0 to 40%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #e9d5ee, #7b2d8b); width:20%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Rinforziamo le basi su questo argomento.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Un <strong>Pacchetto da 10 Lezioni<\/strong> ti d&agrave; dieci sessioni di 55 minuti con un insegnante madrelingua, ai tuoi tempi.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Pacchetto 10 Lezioni<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Pacchetto 10 Lezioni\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/our-courses\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri il Pacchetto 10 Lezioni &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottima base. Costruiamoci sopra.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Una <strong>lezione settimanale 1:1<\/strong> ti d&agrave; il ritmo e il feedback personalizzato per trasformare ci&ograve; che sai in italiano che parli senza pensarci.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Lezione settimanale 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Lezione settimanale 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/our-courses\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Prenota una lezione 1:1 settimanale &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottimo lavoro. Sei pronto\/a per il gruppo.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong> ti porta nell&#8217;italiano vero, al ritmo dei madrelingua.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/quattro-chiacchiere-intro\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! Ce l&#8217;hai fatta.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Sei pronto\/a per <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong>, 100% in italiano.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/quattro-chiacchiere-intro\/\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Action nouns and agent nouns in everyday Italian<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Setting.<\/strong> Sei in un piccolo gruppo di amici sparsi tra Bologna, Cesena, Rimini, Faenza e Forl&igrave;. Annalisa gestisce una libreria indipendente a Bologna; Sabrina &egrave; pasticciera a Cesena; Tiziano suona jazz nei club di Rimini; Mauro cura un festival di cinema d&rsquo;autore a Faenza; Gabriella insegna musica a Forl&igrave;; Cesare restaura mobili antichi nella sua bottega bolognese. Tutti, nelle loro giornate, finiscono per trasformare verbi in nomi: la cottura, il lavaggio, l&rsquo;allenatrice, la decisione.<\/p>\n<p><em>For each sentence pick the noun that fits the verb-to-noun shift. Watch the suffix family (action versus agent) and the gender it carries.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6677\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ul><li>L'(arrivamento, arrivo, arrivata) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(arrivo)<\/span><\/span> dei libri nuovi ha rallegrato Annalisa nella libreria di Bologna.<br><br><em>The arrival of the new books cheered Annalisa up in the Bologna bookshop.<\/em><\/li><li>Sabrina ha completato la (cottimento, cottina, cottura) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(cottura)<\/span><\/span> della crostata in venti minuti, prima di chiudere la pasticceria.<br><br><em>Sabrina finished baking the tart in twenty minutes, before closing the pastry shop.<\/em><\/li><li>Il (cambiamento, cambio, cambiazione) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(cambiamento)<\/span><\/span> di programma deciso da Mauro ha sorpreso il pubblico del festival a Faenza.<br><br><em>The change of program decided by Mauro surprised the festival audience in Faenza.<\/em><\/li><li>La (decidenza, deciduta, decisione) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(decisione)<\/span><\/span> di Mauro di rinviare la proiezione \u00e8 arrivata via email ai giornalisti.<br><br><em>Mauro's decision to postpone the screening reached the journalists by email.<\/em><\/li><li>La nuova (allenatora, allenatrice, allenanta) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(allenatrice)<\/span><\/span> del coro arriva domani da Forl\u00ec, dopo un anno di pausa.<br><br><em>The choir's new coach arrives tomorrow from Forli', after a year-long break.<\/em><\/li><li>Il (lavaggio, lavamento, lavatura) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(lavaggio)<\/span><\/span> dei pennelli del restauratore va fatto subito dopo il lavoro al mobile antico.<br><br><em>The brushes' washing must be done right after the work on the antique furniture.<\/em><\/li><li>Durante le prove di Tiziano si sente sempre un (ronzo, ronzimento, ronzio) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ronzio)<\/span><\/span> dall'amplificatore vecchio.<br><br><em>During Tiziano's rehearsals you always hear a buzz from the old amplifier.<\/em><\/li><li>La (tolleramento, tolleranza, tollerazione) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(tolleranza)<\/span><\/span> di Cesare verso gli errori dei giovani apprendisti sorprende tutti i clienti della bottega.<br><br><em>Cesare's tolerance toward the young apprentices' mistakes surprises every customer of the workshop.<\/em><\/li><li>Quel (dipendito, dipendente, dipendenza) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(dipendente)<\/span><\/span> del locale conosce a memoria ogni musicista jazz arrivato a Rimini negli ultimi dieci anni.<br><br><em>That employee of the venue knows by heart every jazz musician who has come to Rimini in the last ten years.<\/em><\/li><li>Annalisa ha chiesto una (spiegazione, spiegamento, spiegatura) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(spiegazione)<\/span><\/span> sul nuovo sistema di gestione degli ordini, perch\u00e9 qualcosa non tornava.<br><br><em>Annalisa asked for an explanation about the new order-management system, because something didn't add up.<\/em><\/li><li>Senza un (controllamento, controlleria, controllo) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(controllo)<\/span><\/span> costante della temperatura il forno della pasticceria di Sabrina non lavora bene.<br><br><em>Without constant control of the temperature, the oven of Sabrina's pastry shop doesn't work well.<\/em><\/li><li>Per la rassegna di cinema d'autore Mauro cerca una (traduttrice, traduttora, traducente) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(traduttrice)<\/span><\/span> esperta di sceneggiature francesi.<br><br><em>For the auteur-cinema season Mauro is looking for a translator experienced with French screenplays.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>12 out of 12. The eight suffix families of the lesson (-zione\/-sione, -mento, -aggio, -ura, -anza\/-enza, -io, zero, -tore\/-trice, -ante\/-ente) are sitting where they should.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>The twelve correct deverbal nouns, with the family they come from:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><em>l&#8217;arrivo<\/em>: zero suffix from <em>arrivare<\/em>, masculine.<\/li>\n<li><em>la cottura<\/em>: suffix <em>-ura<\/em> from <em>cuocere<\/em>, feminine, names the result.<\/li>\n<li><em>il cambiamento<\/em>: suffix <em>-mento<\/em> from <em>cambiare<\/em>, masculine, names the ongoing process.<\/li>\n<li><em>la decisione<\/em>: suffix <em>-sione<\/em> from <em>decidere<\/em> (the <em>-d-<\/em> root takes <em>-sione<\/em>, not <em>-zione<\/em>), feminine.<\/li>\n<li><em>l&#8217;allenatrice<\/em>: feminine agent <em>-trice<\/em> from <em>allenare<\/em> (masculine partner <em>l&#8217;allenatore<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><em>il lavaggio<\/em>: suffix <em>-aggio<\/em> from <em>lavare<\/em>, masculine, names an operation.<\/li>\n<li><em>il ronzio<\/em>: stressed <em>-io<\/em> from <em>ronzare<\/em>, masculine, names a sustained noise.<\/li>\n<li><em>la tolleranza<\/em>: suffix <em>-anza<\/em> from <em>tollerare<\/em>, feminine, names a state.<\/li>\n<li><em>il dipendente<\/em>: present participle <em>-ente<\/em> of <em>dipendere<\/em> frozen as agent noun.<\/li>\n<li><em>la spiegazione<\/em>: suffix <em>-zione<\/em> from <em>spiegare<\/em>, feminine, the most productive action suffix.<\/li>\n<li><em>il controllo<\/em>: zero suffix from <em>controllare<\/em>, masculine.<\/li>\n<li><em>la traduttrice<\/em>: feminine agent <em>-trice<\/em> from <em>tradurre<\/em> (the English-influenced form <em>traduttora<\/em> is a frequent slip).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Glossary.<\/strong> <em>crostata<\/em> = open-faced fruit tart; <em>proiezione<\/em> = screening; <em>amplificatore<\/em> = amplifier; <em>apprendista<\/em> = apprentice; <em>sceneggiatura<\/em> = screenplay; <em>locale<\/em> = venue, club.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Three quick reflexes for picking the right deverbal noun:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><strong>Action or agent?<\/strong> Ask first whether the gap names the event itself (action noun: <em>la riparazione<\/em>) or the person\/tool doing it (agent noun: <em>il riparatore<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Suffix decides the gender.<\/strong> Feminine: <em>-zione \/ -sione, -ura, -anza \/ -enza<\/em>. Masculine: <em>-mento, -aggio, -io<\/em>. Agent <em>-tore<\/em> takes <em>-trice<\/em> in the feminine; <em>-ante \/ -ente<\/em> stays the same and the article does the work.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Beware of plausible-looking invented forms.<\/strong> Italian does not stretch one suffix freely: <em>arrivamento<\/em>, <em>tolleramento<\/em>, <em>traduttora<\/em>, <em>controllamento<\/em> all sound regular but are not real words. When in doubt, the most common action suffix is <em>-zione<\/em>; for an agent, default to <em>-tore \/ -trice<\/em> or the present participle in <em>-ante \/ -ente<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Six trios. In each, pick the natural Italian sentence.<\/h3>\n<p><em>Two sentences in each trio use an invented suffix overextension, a gender mismatch on an agent noun, or an <strong>-ata<\/strong> single-act form where the context demands an abstract <strong>-zione\/-mento<\/strong> process. Pick the one sentence that a native speaker would actually say.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6678\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Il viaggiazione in treno da Bologna a Rimini \u00e8 la parte preferita della giornata di Tiziano.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Il viaggio in treno da Bologna a Rimini \u00e8 la parte preferita della giornata di Tiziano.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> Il viaggiata in treno da Bologna a Rimini \u00e8 la parte preferita della giornata di Tiziano.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> Cesare ha un appuntamento dal dentitore a Bologna prima di tornare in bottega a finire la cornice barocca.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Cesare ha un appuntamento dal dentaio a Bologna prima di tornare in bottega a finire la cornice barocca.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> Cesare ha un appuntamento dal dentista a Bologna prima di tornare in bottega a finire la cornice barocca.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> L'insegnamento della musica di Gabriella a Forl\u00ec dura ormai da trent'anni.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> L'insegnazione della musica di Gabriella a Forl\u00ec dura ormai da trent'anni.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> L'insegnata della musica di Gabriella a Forl\u00ec dura ormai da trent'anni.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> L'organizzamento del festival da parte di Mauro ha richiesto otto mesi di lavoro.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> L'organizzata del festival da parte di Mauro ha richiesto otto mesi di lavoro.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> L'organizzazione del festival da parte di Mauro ha richiesto otto mesi di lavoro.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"12\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"13\"> Annalisa considera Elena Ferrante la migliore scrittore italiana contemporanea e la consiglia a ogni cliente della libreria.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"13\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"14\"> Annalisa considera Elena Ferrante la migliore scrittrice italiana contemporanea e la consiglia a ogni cliente della libreria.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"14\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"15\"> Annalisa considera Elena Ferrante la migliore scrittora italiana contemporanea e la consiglia a ogni cliente della libreria.\n<hr \/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"15\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"16\"> Sabrina ha ricevuto una telefonata dal fornitore della farina proprio mentre stava chiudendo la pasticceria.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"16\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"17\"> Sabrina ha ricevuto una telefonazione dal fornitore della farina proprio mentre stava chiudendo la pasticceria.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"17\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_98_6678\"\n                                                       value=\"18\"> Sabrina ha ricevuto un telefonaggio dal fornitore della farina proprio mentre stava chiudendo la pasticceria.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Six out of six. You read the <em>sostantivo deverbale<\/em> in context and rejected every invented overextension, gender mismatch and aspectual mismatch.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>The six natural sentences, with the rule each trio tests:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><em>L&#8217;organizzazione del festival da parte di Mauro ha richiesto otto mesi di lavoro.<\/em>: <em>-zione<\/em> names the abstract eight-month process. <em>Organizzamento<\/em> is not a word; <em>organizzata<\/em> would force a single bounded act, incompatible with eight months.<br \/><em>Mauro&#8217;s organization of the festival took eight months of work.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>L&#8217;insegnamento della musica di Gabriella a Forl&igrave; dura ormai da trent&#8217;anni.<\/em>: <em>-mento<\/em> names the ongoing teaching career. <em>Insegnazione<\/em> is not a word; <em>insegnata<\/em> reduces the noun to a single lesson, breaking the thirty-year span.<br \/><em>Gabriella&#8217;s teaching of music in Forli&#8217; has been going on for thirty years.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Sabrina ha ricevuto una telefonata dal fornitore della farina proprio mentre stava chiudendo la pasticceria.<\/em>: <em>-ata<\/em> for a single bounded event (one phone call). <em>Telefonazione<\/em> and <em>telefonaggio<\/em> are not words.<br \/><em>Sabrina got a phone call from the flour supplier right as she was closing the pastry shop.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Il viaggio in treno da Bologna a Rimini &egrave; la parte preferita della giornata di Tiziano.<\/em>: <em>-aggio<\/em> is the lexicalised noun for travel from <em>viaggiare<\/em>. <em>Viaggiazione<\/em> is not a word; <em>il viaggiata<\/em> mixes a masculine article with a feminine ending and breaks register.<br \/><em>The train trip from Bologna to Rimini is Tiziano&#8217;s favorite part of the day.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Annalisa considera Elena Ferrante la migliore scrittrice italiana contemporanea e la consiglia a ogni cliente della libreria.<\/em>: <em>-trice<\/em> is the feminine partner of <em>-tore<\/em> and matches the feminine determiner <em>la migliore&#8230; italiana<\/em>. <em>Scrittore<\/em> would break gender concord; <em>scrittora<\/em> is an English-influenced form Italian never accepts.<br \/><em>Annalisa considers Elena Ferrante the best contemporary Italian woman writer and recommends her to every customer of the bookshop.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Cesare ha un appuntamento dal dentista a Bologna prima di tornare in bottega a finire la cornice barocca.<\/em>: <em>-ista<\/em> is the canonical suffix for medical and technical professions (<em>dentista<\/em>, <em>farmacista<\/em>, <em>artista<\/em>). <em>Dentitore<\/em> is invented; <em>dentaio<\/em> mis-applies the <em>-aio<\/em> trade suffix (fine for <em>fornaio<\/em>, <em>panettiere<\/em>, <em>giornalaio<\/em>, never for medical roles).<br \/><em>Cesare has an appointment at the dentist&#8217;s in Bologna before going back to the workshop to finish the baroque frame.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Glossary.<\/strong> <em>fornitore<\/em> = supplier; <em>farina<\/em> = flour; <em>cornice<\/em> = frame; <em>bottega<\/em> = workshop, artisan&#8217;s studio; <em>libreria<\/em> = bookshop; <em>scrittrice<\/em> = woman writer.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Three reflexes to spot the real noun in each trio:<\/p>\n<ol style='margin:8px 0 8px 40px;padding-left:8px;'>\n<li><strong>Reject invented suffix overextensions.<\/strong> Italian does not let one suffix grow on every verb. Forms like <em>organizzamento<\/em>, <em>insegnazione<\/em>, <em>telefonazione<\/em>, <em>viaggiazione<\/em>, <em>dentitore<\/em>, <em>dentaio<\/em> look regular but are not real words. The <em>sostantivo deverbale<\/em> for each verb is fixed by usage, not freely productive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Single act or ongoing process?<\/strong> The suffix <em>-ata<\/em> names a bounded single act (<em>una telefonata<\/em>, <em>una camminata<\/em>, <em>un&#8217;occhiata<\/em>). When the sentence talks about a long process or an abstract noun (years of teaching, months of organization), <em>-ata<\/em> breaks the semantics and you need <em>-zione<\/em> or <em>-mento<\/em> instead.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Agent nouns must match the gender of who they describe.<\/strong> <em>-tore<\/em> stays masculine; the feminine partner is <em>-trice<\/em>, never <em>-tora<\/em> or <em>-ora<\/em> (calques from English). For professions, <em>-ista<\/em> is the canonical agent suffix (<em>dentista<\/em>, <em>farmacista<\/em>); <em>-aio<\/em> fits trades (<em>fornaio<\/em>, <em>panettiere<\/em>, <em>giornalaio<\/em>), never medical or technical roles.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_98',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 98,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 18,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"220\":12,\"233\":6},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"6677\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":6677,\"catId\":220,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"arrivo\"],[\"cottura\"],[\"cambiamento\"],[\"decisione\"],[\"allenatrice\"],[\"lavaggio\"],[\"ronzio\"],[\"tolleranza\"],[\"dipendente\"],[\"spiegazione\"],[\"controllo\"],[\"traduttrice\"]]},\"6678\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":6678,\"catId\":233,\"points\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0],\"correct\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:36px;color:#ab2227;margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-family:Georgia,serif\">\u00a7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seven questions about italian verbs into nouns come up in every B2 class. The answers below draw on classroom usage and on the Treccani reference entry <a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/deverbale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deverbale<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-vn-q1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What does it mean to turn a verb into a noun?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It means naming the action so you can refer to it in one word. Riparare (to repair) becomes la riparazione (the repair). The noun lets you make the action the subject, count it, put it on an invoice, and refer back to a whole earlier statement with a single word. These deverbal nouns are what holds written and bureaucratic Italian together, and they split into two jobs: naming the action and naming the agent.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-vn-q2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the difference between an action noun and an agent noun?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>An action noun names the event: riparare gives la riparazione, the repairing. An agent noun names the doer: riparare gives il riparatore, the repairer. The same verb usually feeds both, with different suffixes: -zione, -mento, -aggio for the action, -tore \/ -trice or the present participle for the agent. Deciding which one you need is the first step every time.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-vn-q3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do I choose between -zione and -mento?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Both name an action and both are common. The soft rule: -zione often points to the result or the finished act (la trasformazione, the completed transformation), while -mento often stresses the ongoing process (il cambiamento, the changing). The line is not rigid and many verbs only allow one of the two. When you have to guess, -zione is the more productive default.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-vn-q4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How does the feminine of -tore work?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Masculine agent nouns in -tore form the feminine in -trice: lavoratore becomes lavoratrice, direttore becomes direttrice, attore becomes attrice. When the verb root ends in -d or -s the agent suffix is often -sore instead (invadere to invasore, difendere to difensore). Agent nouns can name tools as well as people, so the pattern is useful well beyond job titles.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-vn-q5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why are some agent nouns just the present participle?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Because the present participle in -ante \/ -ente freezes very easily into a noun meaning the one who does X: cantare to il cantante, studiare to lo studente, insegnare to l&#8217;insegnante, dipendere to il dipendente. Many of these are invariable for gender and the article does the work (il cantante, la cantante). Spotting an -ante \/ -ente ending and reading it as an agent noun brings a large group into view at once.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-vn-q6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is zero suffixation?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is the case where no suffix is added at all: you take the bare verb root and add only -o or -a. Arrivare gives l&#8217;arrivo, bloccare gives il blocco, aumentare gives l&#8217;aumento. These short forms are everywhere in timetables, notices and official letters. The catch is that the form does not tell you the gender, so each one has to be learned with its article.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-vn-q7\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do I know if a deverbal noun is masculine or feminine?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The suffix usually decides. Feminine: -zione \/ -sione, -ura, -anza \/ -enza (la spiegazione, la cottura, la tolleranza). Masculine: -mento, -aggio, -io (il cambiamento, il lavaggio, il mormorio). Agent -tore is masculine, -trice feminine, and -ante \/ -ente agents take the gender from the article. Only zero-suffix forms give no clue and must be memorized with the article.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three guides that sit next to italian verbs into nouns in the word-building cluster, plus the institutional reference.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-adjectives-to-nouns-learn-basic-prefixes-quiz\/\">Italian Adjectives into Nouns<\/a>: the companion guide, turning adjectives into quality nouns with -ezza, -it\u00e0, -aggine.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-neuter-plurals\/\">Italian Neuter Plurals<\/a>: how gender and plural work once you have built the noun.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-plurals-che-ghi\/\">Italian Plurals -che and -ghi<\/a>: the spelling rule for plurals of the new nouns.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/deverbale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treccani: deverbale<\/a>: institutional reference on deverbal nouns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d In short. Turning italian verbs into nouns means taking an action like partire and naming it: la partenza. Two big families do the work. Action nouns name the event: -zione (operare to operazione), -mento (sentire to sentimento), -aggio (lavare to lavaggio), -ura (cuocere to cottura), plus bare-root forms (bloccare to il blocco). Agent nouns &#8230; <a title=\"Italian Verbs into Nouns: Action and Agent Suffixes\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italia-verbs-into-nouns-basic-prefixes-quiz\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Italian Verbs into Nouns: Action and Agent Suffixes\">Read more \u226b<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1866],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b2","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21842","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21842"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21842\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60203,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21842\/revisions\/60203"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21842"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21842"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21842"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}