{"id":20108,"date":"2018-04-16T06:34:44","date_gmt":"2018-04-15T21:34:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=20108"},"modified":"2026-05-16T09:22:02","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T00:22:02","slug":"italian-infinitive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-infinitive\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Infinitive: Forms, Uses, Da + Infinito (B1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> The <strong>italian infinitive<\/strong> is the base, unconjugated form of the verb: <em>parlare, leggere, dormire<\/em>. It has only two tenses, simple (<em>amare<\/em>) and compound (<em>avere amato<\/em>, <em>essere andato<\/em>). It does the work English splits across &#8220;to do&#8221;, &#8220;doing&#8221;, and &#8220;the doing&#8221;: after a modal it takes no preposition (<em>devo partire<\/em>), after most other verbs it needs <em>di<\/em> or <em>a<\/em> (<em>spero di partire<\/em>, <em>comincio a capire<\/em>), after a preposition it replaces a clause (<em>prima di partire<\/em>, <em>dopo aver mangiato<\/em>), and it can become a noun (<em>il bere<\/em>). It is also the negative <em>tu<\/em> imperative: <em>non parlare!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Master the italian infinitive and a huge slice of real Italian opens up: verb chains, polite instructions, signs, and the everyday <em>prima di<\/em> \/ <em>dopo aver<\/em> patterns. This B1 guide is the hub.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-inf\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-h-inf gb-headline-text\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:24px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what\">What the infinitive is<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#simple-compound\">Simple and compound infinitive<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bare\">After a verb with no preposition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#di-a\">After a verb: di or a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#prepositions\">After a preposition: prima di, dopo aver<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#da\">Da + infinitive: obligation and use<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#stare-per\">Stare per + infinitive: about to<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#purpose\">Per and cos\u00ec da: purpose and result<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#noun\">The infinitive as a noun: il bere<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#imperative\">Non + infinitive: the negative tu order<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mistakes\">Three common mistakes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialog\">Dialog: at the car rental<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what\">What the italian infinitive is<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The italian infinitive is the verb&#8217;s dictionary form, the one ending in -are, -ere, or -ire: <em>parlare<\/em>, <em>leggere<\/em>, <em>dormire<\/em>. It is a non-finite form: it does not show person or number by itself, so it leans on another verb, a preposition, or a context to anchor who and when.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Devo partire per Modena domani mattina presto.<br><em>I have to leave for Modena early tomorrow morning. (after a modal)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Spero di tornare a Lucca entro sera.<br><em>I hope to get back to Lucca by evening. (after a verb + di)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Prima di firmare, leggi il contratto con calma.<br><em>Before signing, read the contract calmly. (after a preposition)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>One Italian infinitive often replaces a whole English clause. <em>Prima di partire<\/em> = &#8220;before I leave \/ before leaving&#8221;; <em>dopo aver mangiato<\/em> = &#8220;after I had eaten&#8221;. This is the single biggest reason the italian infinitive feels alien at first: where English changes the verb form, Italian keeps the infinitive and lets a preposition do the work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"simple-compound\">Simple and compound infinitive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The italian infinitive has exactly two tenses. The simple infinitive is one word (<em>parlare<\/em>). The compound (past) infinitive is built with the infinitive of the auxiliary <em>avere<\/em> or <em>essere<\/em> plus the past participle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Verb<\/th><th>Simple<\/th><th>Compound (past)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>parlare<\/td><td>parlare<\/td><td>avere parlato<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>leggere<\/td><td>leggere<\/td><td>avere letto<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>andare<\/td><td>andare<\/td><td>essere andato\/a\/i\/e<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>alzarsi<\/td><td>alzarsi<\/td><td>essersi alzato\/a\/i\/e<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The compound infinitive marks an action completed <em>before<\/em> the main verb. The auxiliary follows the same essere\/avere rule as the passato prossimo, and with <em>essere<\/em> the participle agrees: <em>dopo essere arrivata<\/em>, <em>dopo essersi alzati<\/em>. In speech the final -e of <em>avere<\/em> \/ <em>essere<\/em> usually drops: <em>dopo aver mangiato<\/em>, <em>dopo esser tornato<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dopo aver firmato il contratto, Pietro ha ritirato le chiavi.<br><em>After signing the contract, Pietro picked up the keys.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Caterina \u00e8 uscita dopo essersi alzata alle sei.<br><em>Caterina went out after getting up at six.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-comp\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83d\udd0d <strong>Same subject is the key.<\/strong> The compound italian infinitive after <em>dopo<\/em> works only when the two clauses share the subject: <em>dopo aver mangiato, sono uscito<\/em> (I ate, I went out). If the subjects differ, you cannot use the infinitive: switch to <em>dopo che<\/em> + finite verb (<em>dopo che hai mangiato, sono uscito<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bare\">After a verb with no preposition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One group of verbs takes the italian infinitive directly, with no preposition in between. These are the modals (<em>dovere, potere, volere, sapere<\/em>), the verbs of perception (<em>vedere, sentire, guardare, ascoltare<\/em>), <em>fare<\/em> and <em>lasciare<\/em> (causatives), and a few like <em>preferire, desiderare, osare, gradire<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Devo restituire il furgone entro le sei di sera.<br><em>I have to return the van by six in the evening. (modal)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ho sentito piovere tutta la notte a Modena.<br><em>I heard it raining all night in Modena. (perception)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Caterina fa riparare la macchina da cucire ogni anno.<br><em>Caterina has the sewing machine repaired every year. (fare + infinitive)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Preferisco prendere il treno invece dell&#8217;auto.<br><em>I prefer to take the train instead of the car.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>There is no preposition to choose here, which makes this the easy group. The only trap: English inserts &#8220;to&#8221; (I have to <em>return<\/em>), Italian inserts nothing (<em>devo restituire<\/em>). Strip the &#8220;to&#8221; out of your head with these verbs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"di-a\">After a verb: di or a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Most other verbs link to the italian infinitive through a preposition, and the verb decides whether it is <em>di<\/em> or <em>a<\/em>. There is no shortcut rule; it is learned verb by verb, but the families are fairly stable.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>+ di<\/strong>: sperare, pensare, decidere, finire, smettere, cercare, credere, dimenticare. <em>Caterina ha finito di cucire il vestito.<\/em><br><em>Caterina finished sewing the dress.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>+ a<\/strong>: cominciare, iniziare, imparare, riuscire, provare, continuare, aiutare. <em>Pietro ha cominciato a leggere il nuovo Pennacchi.<\/em><br><em>Pietro started reading the new Pennacchi.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Elena ha imparato a guidare il furgone in una settimana.<br><em>Elena learned to drive the van in a week.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>Rough pattern: verbs of <em>starting, moving toward, learning<\/em> tend to take <em>a<\/em> (<em>cominciare a<\/em>, <em>andare a<\/em>, <em>imparare a<\/em>); verbs of <em>opinion, ending, trying<\/em> tend to take <em>di<\/em> (<em>pensare di<\/em>, <em>smettere di<\/em>, <em>cercare di<\/em>). When in doubt, check the verb; this is exactly the kind of detail a focused di-vs-a guide drills.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-1\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task #1.<\/strong> No preposition, di, or a?<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Devo ___ partire presto. (zero \/ di \/ a)<\/li>\n<li>Ho finito ___ leggere il romanzo. (zero \/ di \/ a)<\/li>\n<li>Pietro ha cominciato ___ lavorare alle otto. (zero \/ di \/ a)<\/li>\n<li>Speriamo ___ arrivare in tempo. (zero \/ di \/ a)<\/li>\n<li>Voglio imparare ___ guidare. (zero \/ di \/ a)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. zero (modal, no preposition) \u00b7 2. di (finire di) \u00b7 3. a (cominciare a) \u00b7 4. di (sperare di) \u00b7 5. a (imparare a guidare; voglio takes a bare infinitive)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"prepositions\">After a preposition: prima di, dopo aver, senza, invece di<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is where the italian infinitive replaces a full subordinate clause. After many prepositions and conjunctional phrases, Italian uses the infinitive instead of a conjugated verb, as long as the subject is the same as the main clause.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prima di partire, Pietro ha controllato l&#8217;olio.<br><em>Before leaving, Pietro checked the oil.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Dopo aver firmato, Elena ha ritirato le chiavi.<br><em>After signing, Elena collected the keys.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Senza prenotare non si entra al museo di Modena.<br><em>Without booking you can&#8217;t get into the Modena museum.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Invece di prendere l&#8217;auto, sono andato a piedi.<br><em>Instead of taking the car, I walked.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>Note the split: <em>prima di<\/em> takes the simple infinitive (<em>prima di partire<\/em>), <em>dopo<\/em> takes the compound (<em>dopo aver mangiato<\/em>, never &#8220;dopo mangiare&#8221;). Other frequent triggers: <em>per<\/em> (purpose: <em>studio per imparare<\/em>), <em>al posto di<\/em>, <em>oltre a<\/em>, <em>tranne<\/em>. If the subjects differ, swap the italian infinitive for a conjunction + finite verb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"da\">Da + infinitive: obligation and use<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Da<\/em> + the italian infinitive is a high-frequency pattern that English renders in several different ways. It signals something to be done, a purpose, or a defining use.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ho ancora due moduli da firmare.<br><em>I still have two forms to sign. (to be done)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>C&#8217;\u00e8 molto da fare prima di restituire il furgone.<br><em>There&#8217;s a lot to do before returning the van.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Ti do qualcosa da leggere durante il viaggio.<br><em>I&#8217;ll give you something to read during the trip.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u00c8 una macchina da corsa, non da citt\u00e0.<br><em>It&#8217;s a racing car, not a city car. (defining use)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The construction <em>avere + da + infinitive<\/em> can also carry obligation, close to <em>dovere<\/em>: <em>ho da fare<\/em> (&#8220;I have things to do \/ I&#8217;m busy&#8221;). The Accademia della Crusca treats <em>avere da<\/em> as a legitimate, slightly informal alternative to <em>avere a<\/em>. For an A2-B1 learner, recognise it and use the plain <em>da fare<\/em> \/ <em>da leggere<\/em> pattern, which is everywhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"stare-per\">Stare per + infinitive: about to<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One verbal periphrasis with the italian infinitive is too useful to skip: <em>stare per<\/em> + infinitive expresses an action on the very edge of happening, the English &#8220;to be about to&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sbrigati, il treno per Modena sta per partire.<br><em>Hurry up, the Modena train is about to leave.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Stavo per chiamarti quando hai suonato il campanello.<br><em>I was about to call you when you rang the bell.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Caterina sta per finire il vestito, ancora due cuciture.<br><em>Caterina is about to finish the dress, two more seams.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The near-synonym <em>essere sul punto di<\/em> + infinitive is a touch more formal: <em>era sul punto di rinunciare<\/em>. Both keep the italian infinitive bare after the linking word. This periphrasis is how Italian fills the gap English covers with &#8220;about to&#8221;, which has no single-word equivalent in the verb system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"purpose\">Per and cos\u00ec da: purpose and result<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The italian infinitive carries purpose and result clauses when the subject does not change. <em>Per<\/em> + infinitive is the everyday &#8220;(in order) to&#8221;; <em>cos\u00ec da<\/em> \/ <em>in modo da<\/em> + infinitive expresses the result aimed at.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Studio l&#8217;italiano per leggere Pennacchi in lingua originale.<br><em>I study Italian to read Pennacchi in the original.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Pietro \u00e8 partito presto per evitare il traffico.<br><em>Pietro left early to avoid the traffic.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Parla piano cos\u00ec da farti capire da tutti.<br><em>Speak slowly so as to make yourself understood by everyone.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The rule is the familiar one: same subject, use the italian infinitive (<em>studio per imparare<\/em>); different subject, switch to <em>perch\u00e9<\/em> + subjunctive (<em>te lo spiego perch\u00e9 tu capisca<\/em>). <em>Per<\/em> + the compound infinitive expresses a prior reason: <em>\u00e8 stato premiato per aver salvato l&#8217;azienda<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"noun\">The infinitive as a noun: il bere, il fare<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The italian infinitive can become a full noun, usually masculine singular, often with the article. It names the activity itself, the way English uses the -ing form (&#8220;smoking is bad&#8221;).<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Il bere troppo caff\u00e8 la sera mi tiene sveglio.<br><em>Drinking too much coffee in the evening keeps me awake.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Il fumare \u00e8 vietato in tutte le auto a noleggio.<br><em>Smoking is forbidden in all rental cars.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Con l&#8217;andare del tempo, Pietro ha imparato il mestiere.<br><em>As time went by, Pietro learned the trade.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>A few of these have frozen into ordinary nouns with their own plural: <em>il dovere \/ i doveri<\/em> (duty\/duties), <em>il piacere<\/em> (pleasure), <em>il potere<\/em> (power), <em>l&#8217;essere<\/em> (the being), <em>il dare e l&#8217;avere<\/em> (debit and credit). When the infinitive keeps its own object it stays verbal (<em>il bere caff\u00e8<\/em>); when it behaves fully like a noun it can take adjectives and articles (<em>un bel dormire<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do not confuse the substantivised italian infinitive with the gerundio. As a subject or object, Italian uses the infinitive, not the -ndo form: <em>il fumare fa male<\/em> and <em>fumare fa male<\/em> (&#8220;smoking is bad&#8221;), never &#8220;fumando fa male&#8221;. English &#8220;-ing as a subject&#8221; maps onto the Italian infinitive, while the Italian gerundio covers &#8220;while\/by doing&#8221;. Keeping that pairing straight removes one of the most persistent calques English speakers carry into Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"imperative\">Non + infinitive: the negative tu order<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One feature of the italian infinitive surprises every learner: the negative informal command. To tell one person (<em>tu<\/em>) <em>not<\/em> to do something, Italian does not negate the imperative; it uses <em>non<\/em> + the infinitive.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parla piano! Poi: Non parlare cos\u00ec in fretta!<br><em>Speak slowly! Then: Don&#8217;t speak so fast!<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Firma qui. Poi: Non firmare prima di leggere.<br><em>Sign here. Then: Don&#8217;t sign before reading.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Non toccare i comandi mentre guido, per favore.<br><em>Don&#8217;t touch the controls while I drive, please.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>This is only for the <em>tu<\/em> form. The <em>voi<\/em> negative is regular (<em>non parlate<\/em>), and the formal <em>Lei<\/em> uses the subjunctive (<em>non parli<\/em>). On public signs the infinitive is also the standard impersonal order: <em>non fumare<\/em>, <em>non calpestare l&#8217;erba<\/em>, <em>non sporgersi<\/em>. Recognising <em>non<\/em> + the italian infinitive as a command, not a statement, is essential for reading everyday Italy.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-2\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-task #2.<\/strong> Fix or confirm each sentence.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dopo mangiare, sono uscito. (same subject)<\/li>\n<li>Prima di aver partire, controlla l&#8217;olio.<\/li>\n<li>Non parla cos\u00ec in fretta! (negative tu command)<\/li>\n<li>Ho cominciato di leggere il romanzo.<\/li>\n<li>Il fumare \u00e8 vietato qui.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>\ud83d\udc49 Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. Dopo aver mangiato (dopo needs the compound) \u00b7 2. Prima di partire (prima di + simple infinitive) \u00b7 3. Non parlare (non + infinitive for negative tu) \u00b7 4. cominciato a leggere (cominciare a) \u00b7 5. correct (infinitive as noun)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian infinitive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One table, the whole italian infinitive system. Keep it open while you build your next sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table>\n<thead><tr><th>Context<\/th><th>Rule<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Two tenses<\/td><td>simple \/ compound<\/td><td>parlare \/ avere parlato<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Modal, perception, fare<\/td><td>no preposition<\/td><td>devo partire, sento piovere<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Most verbs<\/td><td>di or a (by verb)<\/td><td>finire di, cominciare a<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>prima di<\/td><td>simple infinitive<\/td><td>prima di partire<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>dopo<\/td><td>compound infinitive<\/td><td>dopo aver mangiato<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>senza \/ invece di \/ per<\/td><td>infinitive (same subject)<\/td><td>senza pagare<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>da + infinitive<\/td><td>to be done \/ use<\/td><td>qualcosa da fare<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>as a noun<\/td><td>il + infinitive<\/td><td>il bere, il dovere<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>negative tu order<\/td><td>non + infinitive<\/td><td>non parlare!<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mistakes\">Three common mistakes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Three slips with the italian infinitive flag a B1 sentence as written by a learner. They are the errors a native ear catches first, and fixing them is fast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mistake 1.<\/strong> A preposition after a modal. Wrong: <em>devo di partire<\/em>. Correct: <em>devo partire<\/em>. Modals take the bare infinitive, no &#8220;to&#8221;, no <em>di<\/em>, no <em>a<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mistake 2.<\/strong> Simple infinitive after <em>dopo<\/em>. Wrong: <em>dopo mangiare<\/em>. Correct: <em>dopo aver mangiato<\/em>. <em>Dopo<\/em> requires the compound infinitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mistake 3.<\/strong> Negating the <em>tu<\/em> imperative directly. Wrong: <em>non parla!<\/em> Correct: <em>non parlare!<\/em> The negative informal command is <em>non<\/em> + infinitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialog\">Dialog: at the car rental<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pietro picks up a van at a Modena car rental. Elena, the clerk, runs through the paperwork. Count the italian infinitive forms: bare, with di\/a, after prepositions, da + infinitive, negative order.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-inf\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Buongiorno. Prima di firmare, deve controllare i dati del contratto.<br><em>Good morning. Before signing, you have to check the contract details.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Va bene. Spero di poter restituire il furgone domenica invece di sabato.<br><em>All right. I hope to be able to return the van on Sunday instead of Saturday.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Certo, basta avvisare un giorno prima. Dopo aver firmato, le do le chiavi.<br><em>Of course, you just have to let us know a day before. After signing, I&#8217;ll give you the keys.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> C&#8217;\u00e8 qualcosa da sapere prima di partire?<br><em>Is there anything to know before leaving?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Non fumare nel veicolo e non superare i limiti. Il fumare comporta una penale.<br><em>Don&#8217;t smoke in the vehicle and don&#8217;t exceed the limits. Smoking carries a fine.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffc\u200d\ud83e\uddb0 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Chiaro. Ho imparato a guidare proprio su un furgone come questo.<br><em>Clear. I learned to drive on a van just like this one.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Perfetto. Le conviene fare il pieno prima di restituirlo, cos\u00ec evita il sovrapprezzo.<br><em>Perfect. It&#8217;s worth filling up before returning it, that way you avoid the surcharge.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Count them: <em>prima di firmare, controllare, spero di poter restituire, invece di sabato, basta avvisare, dopo aver firmato, da sapere, prima di partire, non fumare, non superare, il fumare, ho imparato a guidare, conviene fare, prima di restituirlo, evita<\/em>. Every use of the italian infinitive in one short rental: bare, di\/a, prepositions, da, noun, negative order.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-3\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge.<\/strong> Describe a small procedure (renting, booking, cooking) in five sentences using the italian infinitive: one bare (devo \/ preferisco), one with di or a, one after <em>prima di<\/em>, one compound after <em>dopo<\/em>, one negative order (<em>non<\/em> + infinitive). Read it out loud once.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The quiz below drills the italian infinitive: simple vs compound, bare vs di vs a, prepositions, da + infinitive, the negative order. Take it after the cheat sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-quiz-inf\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_content\" id=\"wpProQuiz_114\">\n                    <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit\">\n            <div class=\"time\">Time limit: <span>0<\/span><\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_progress\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_checkPage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Quiz-summary<\/h4>\n\n            <p>\n                <span>0<\/span> of 1 questions completed            <\/p>\n\n            <p>Questions:<\/p>\n\n            <div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_box\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endQuizSummary\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_infopage\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <h4>Information<\/h4>\n\n            \n            <input type=\"button\" name=\"endInfopage\" value=\"Finish quiz\"\n                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button\">\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_text\">\n            <p>\n                <p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\">LOADING QUIZ&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n            <\/p>\n\n            \n            <div>\n                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Start quiz\"\n                       name=\"startQuiz\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_lock\">\n            <p>\n                You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_loadQuiz\">\n            <p>\n                Quiz is loading...            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_startOnlyRegisteredUser\">\n            <p>\n                \n    <div class=\"dante-quiz-login-box\">\n        <h2 class=\"dante-quiz-login-badge has-text-align-center\">Free Italian Quiz<\/h2>\n        <br>\n        <h3 class=\"dante-quiz-login-title has-text-align-center\">\"Italian Infinitive: Forms, Uses, Da + Infinito (B1)\"<\/h3>\n        <p class=\"has-text-align-left\">\n            Sign up for free to try this quiz and get early access to new Italian lessons before anyone else.\n        <\/p>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-quiz-social-buttons\">\n                <div class=\"dante-login-form\">\n        <div class=\"dante-social-btns\">\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=google&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F20108\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#4285f4\" d=\"M22.56 12.25c0-.78-.07-1.53-.2-2.25H12v4.26h5.92c-.26 1.37-1.04 2.53-2.21 3.31v2.77h3.57c2.08-1.92 3.28-4.74 3.28-8.09z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#34a853\" d=\"M12 23c2.97 0 5.46-.98 7.28-2.66l-3.57-2.77c-.98.66-2.23 1.06-3.71 1.06-2.86 0-5.29-1.93-6.16-4.53H2.18v2.84C3.99 20.53 7.7 23 12 23z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#fbbc05\" d=\"M5.84 14.09c-.22-.66-.35-1.36-.35-2.09s.13-1.43.35-2.09V7.07H2.18C1.43 8.55 1 10.22 1 12s.43 3.45 1.18 4.93l2.85-2.22.81-.62z\"\/>\n                    <path fill=\"#ea4335\" d=\"M12 5.38c1.62 0 3.06.56 4.21 1.64l3.15-3.15C17.45 2.09 14.97 1 12 1 7.7 1 3.99 3.47 2.18 7.07l3.66 2.84c.87-2.6 3.3-4.53 6.16-4.53z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Google            <\/a>\n            <a href=\"\/eng\/wp-login.php?loginSocial=facebook&redirect=%2Feng%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F20108\" class=\"dante-social-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\">\n                    <path fill=\"#1877f2\" d=\"M24 12.073c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.99 4.388 10.954 10.125 11.854v-8.385H7.078v-3.47h3.047V9.43c0-3.007 1.792-4.669 4.533-4.669 1.312 0 2.686.235 2.686.235v2.953H15.83c-1.491 0-1.956.925-1.956 1.874v2.25h3.328l-.532 3.47h-2.796v8.385C19.612 23.027 24 18.062 24 12.073z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                Continue with Facebook            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"dante-divider\"><span>or<\/span><\/div>\n        \n        <form class=\"dante-auth-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"nonce\" value=\"211293ce35\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"redirect\" value=\"\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20108\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"show_register\" value=\"true\">\n            \n            <!-- HONEYPOT FIELD - Anti-Bot Protection -->\n            <div style=\"position: absolute; left: -9999px; top: -9999px; visibility: hidden;\">\n                <label for=\"website\">Website (leave blank)<\/label>\n                <input type=\"text\" name=\"website\" id=\"website\" value=\"\" autocomplete=\"off\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\">\n                <label>Email<\/label>\n                <input name=\"email\" type=\"email\" placeholder=\"your email address\" required id=\"email\">\n                <div class=\"dante-message\" id=\"email-message\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\" id=\"name-field\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <label>Full Name<\/label>\n                <input name=\"name\" type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Your full name\" id=\"name\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-form-group\">\n                <label>Password<\/label>\n                <input name=\"password\" type=\"password\" placeholder=\"Enter password\" required id=\"password\">\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-gdpr-section\" id=\"gdpr-field\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <label class=\"dante-checkbox-label\">\n                    <input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"gdpr\" id=\"gdpr\">\n                    <span class=\"dante-checkmark\"><\/span>\n                    I accept the <a href=\"\/eng\/terms\/\" target=\"_blank\">Terms<\/a> and <a href=\"\/eng\/privacy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Privacy Policy<\/a>                <\/label>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"dante-message\" id=\"form-message\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n            \n            <button type=\"submit\" class=\"dante-btn-primary\" id=\"submit-btn\">Continue<\/button>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <script>\n    jQuery(function($) {\n        let mode = 'login';\n        let timeout;\n        \n        const texts = {\n            continue: 'Continue',\n            signIn: 'Sign In',\n            createAccount: 'Create Account',\n            enterPassword: 'Enter password',\n            enterYourPassword: 'Enter your password',\n            choosePassword: 'Choose a secure password',\n            emailPasswordRequired: 'Email and password are required',\n            nameRequired: 'Full name is required',\n            acceptTerms: 'Please accept Terms and Privacy Policy',\n            processing: '\u23f3 Processing...',\n            success: 'Success! Redirecting...'\n        };\n        \n        $('#email').on('input', function() {\n            const email = $(this).val();\n            const showReg = $('input[name=\"show_register\"]').val();\n            \n            clearTimeout(timeout);\n            \n            if (!email.includes('@')) {\n                resetForm();\n                return;\n            }\n            \n            timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n                $.post('https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php', {\n                    action: 'dante_check_email',\n                    email: email,\n                    nonce: $('input[name=\"nonce\"]').val()\n                }, function(r) {\n                    if (r.success) {\n                        if (r.data.exists) {\n                            setLoginMode();\n                        } else if (showReg === 'true') {\n                            setRegisterMode();\n                        } else {\n                            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? texts.signIn : texts.createAccount);\n                }\n            });\n        });\n    });\n    <\/script>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_prerequisite\">\n            <p>\n                You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:                <span><\/span>\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_results\">\n            <h4 class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Results<\/h4>\n                        <p class=\"wpProQuiz_time_limit_expired\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                Time has elapsed            <\/p>\n                            <p class=\"wpProQuiz_points\">\n                    You scored <span>0<\/span> out of <span>0<\/span> points, (<span>0<\/span>)                <\/p>\n                                        <div class=\"wpProQuiz_resultTable\">\n                    <table>\n           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                                          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div 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  class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Infinito &#8211; Quiz<\/em><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">LEVEL &#8211; INTERMEDIATE<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Perch\u00e9 non\u00a0riusciamo\u00a0a scacciare\u00a0le mosche?<\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter \" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/it\/thumb\/9\/92\/Diptera_Ifroz.jpg\/240px-Diptera_Ifroz.jpg\" width=\"163\" height=\"163\" \/>Write the following <em>infinito<\/em> verbs at the right place<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">acchiappare &#8211; combinare &#8211; disegnare &#8211; ingannare &#8211; localizzare &#8211; mirare &#8211; renderle &#8211; ronzare &#8211; scivolare &#8211; studiare &#8211; tornare &#8211; vedere &#8211; volare<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"404\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        TENTARE di <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(acchiappare)<\/span><\/span> una mosca con le mani \u00e8 un\u2019impresa ardua: continua a <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ronzare)<\/span><\/span> intorno alla nostra testa e a <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(tornare)<\/span><\/span> al punto di partenza. Il motivo? Una prontezza di riflessi superiore alla nostra. Il <em>California Institute of Technology<\/em>, ha scoperto che la velocit\u00e0 d\u2019azione di questi insetti, che hanno un campo visivo di quasi 360 gradi, \u00e8 quasi contemporanea al pensiero: riescono a <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(vedere)<\/span><\/span> da dove proviene la minaccia e a <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(studiare)<\/span><\/span> la via di fuga in appena 100 millisecondi.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nIL RISULTATO suggerisce che il loro cervello possa <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(disegnare)<\/span><\/span> una mappa che riesce a <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"11\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(localizzare)<\/span><\/span> la posizione di una minaccia. Allo stesso modo, il cervello delle mosche riuscirebbe a <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(combinare)<\/span><\/span> le informazioni visive e quelle motorie a una velocit\u00e0 tale da <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(renderle)<\/span><\/span> quasi inafferrabili. Per <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(ingannare)<\/span><\/span> le mosche c\u2019\u00e8 per\u00f2 una soluzione: <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(scivolare)<\/span><\/span> lentamente con la mano dietro una mosca e <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(mirare)<\/span><\/span> alla traiettoria che si ritiene pi\u00f9 probabile quando inizier\u00e0 a <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"6\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(volare)<\/span><\/span>.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nAdapted from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.focus.it\/mondo-focus\/focus-e-speciali\/focus-dr\/55\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Focus D&amp;R - Gennaio 2018<\/a>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>\u2705 \u00a0Check your answers<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>\u2705 \u00a0Check your answers<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span class=\"blink_text\" style=\"font-size: 28pt; color: #ff0000;\">\u2193\u2193\u2193<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_114',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 114,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 13,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0],\n                    bo: 7552,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: [13],\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"404\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":404,\"catId\":0,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"acchiappare\"],[\"ronzare\"],[\"tornare\"],[\"vedere\"],[\"studiare\"],[\"disegnare\"],[\"localizzare\"],[\"combinare\"],[\"renderle\"],[\"ingannare\"],[\"scivolare\"],[\"mirare\"],[\"volare\"]]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:36px;color:#ab2227;margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-family:Georgia,serif\">\u00a7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Six questions about the italian infinitive come up in every B1 cohort. The answers below draw on real classroom usage and on the Crusca note <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/avere-da-o-avere-a--infinito\/1553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Avere da o avere a + infinito?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the Italian infinitive and how many tenses does it have?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The Italian infinitive is the base, unconjugated verb form ending in -are, -ere or -ire (parlare, leggere, dormire). It has only two tenses: the simple infinitive (parlare) and the compound or past infinitive, built with the infinitive of avere or essere plus the past participle (avere parlato, essere andato). The compound marks an action completed before the main verb: dopo aver mangiato.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">When do I use the compound (past) infinitive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Use it when the action happens before the main verb and the two clauses share the subject, typically after dopo: dopo aver firmato, ho ritirato le chiavi. The auxiliary follows the essere\/avere rule of the passato prossimo, and with essere the participle agrees: dopo essere arrivata, dopo essersi alzati. If the subjects differ, you cannot use the infinitive: use dopo che + finite verb.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which verbs take an infinitive with no preposition?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Modals (dovere, potere, volere, sapere), verbs of perception (vedere, sentire, guardare, ascoltare), the causatives fare and lasciare, and a few like preferire, desiderare, osare. Devo partire, ho sentito piovere, faccio riparare la macchina. English inserts to, Italian inserts nothing: devo restituire, not devo di restituire.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How do I know whether a verb takes di or a before the infinitive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is lexical: each verb has its fixed preposition, learned case by case. Rough tendency: starting, moving toward and learning take a (cominciare a, andare a, imparare a, riuscire a); opinion, ending and trying take di (pensare di, finire di, smettere di, cercare di). Modals take no preposition at all. A focused di-vs-a guide drills the full lists.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why is the negative tu command non parlare and not non parla?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>For the informal singular (tu), Italian forms the negative command with non + the infinitive, not by negating the imperative: parla becomes non parlare, firma becomes non firmare. This is only for tu. The voi negative is regular (non parlate) and the formal Lei uses the subjunctive (non parli). Public signs use the same non + infinitive: non fumare, non calpestare l&#8217;erba.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Can the infinitive be used as a noun?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. The Italian infinitive can work as a masculine singular noun, usually with the article, naming the activity itself: il bere troppo caffe, il fumare e vietato. Some have frozen into ordinary nouns with plurals: il dovere\/i doveri, il piacere, il potere, il dare e l&#8217;avere. It is the closest Italian equivalent of the English -ing form as a subject.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This hub on the italian infinitive links to guides that pair with it, plus an institutional reference on avere da + infinito.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-modal-verbs\/\">Italian Modal Verbs<\/a>: the verbs that take a bare infinitive (devo partire).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-gerund\/\">Italian Gerundio<\/a>: the other non-finite form, and when it replaces the infinitive.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-imperative\/\">Italian Imperative<\/a>: why non + infinitive is the negative tu order.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/avere-da-o-avere-a--infinito\/1553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Accademia della Crusca: avere da o avere a + infinito?<\/a>: institutional note on da + infinitive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d In short. The italian infinitive is the base, unconjugated form of the verb: parlare, leggere, dormire. It has only two tenses, simple (amare) and compound (avere amato, essere andato). It does the work English splits across &#8220;to do&#8221;, &#8220;doing&#8221;, and &#8220;the doing&#8221;: after a modal it takes no preposition (devo partire), after most other &#8230; <a title=\"Italian Infinitive: Forms, Uses, Da + Infinito (B1)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-infinitive\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Italian Infinitive: Forms, Uses, Da + Infinito (B1)\">Read more \u226b<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1865],"tags":[1278,38,26,27,1292],"class_list":["post-20108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b1","tag-gerund","tag-gerundio","tag-infinitive","tag-infinito","tag-modi-indefiniti","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20108"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60173,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20108\/revisions\/60173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20108"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}