{"id":17797,"date":"2016-11-02T01:23:57","date_gmt":"2016-11-01T16:23:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/?p=17797"},"modified":"2026-06-04T02:51:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T17:51:26","slug":"italian-subordinating-conjunctions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-subordinating-conjunctions\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Subordinating Conjunctions: 10 Types + Mood"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>In short.<\/strong> <strong>Italian subordinating conjunctions<\/strong> (<em>congiunzioni subordinative<\/em>) are the words that hang one clause under another: <em>perch\u00e9<\/em>, <em>bench\u00e9<\/em>, <em>affinch\u00e9<\/em>, <em>quando<\/em>, <em>se<\/em>, <em>a meno che<\/em> and the rest. They fall into ten families by meaning (causal, final, temporal, concessive, conditional, consecutive, comparative, modal, exceptive, declarative). The single thing that decides whether the verb goes in the indicative or the subjunctive is usually the conjunction itself: <em>poich\u00e9<\/em> wants the indicative, <em>bench\u00e9<\/em> and <em>affinch\u00e9<\/em> want the subjunctive, <em>anche se<\/em> stays indicative. Learn the families and their mood, and complex Italian sentences stop being a guessing game.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Get the italian subordinating conjunctions right and B2 writing opens up: you can build cause, purpose, concession and time without the verb falling apart. By the end you will recognise the ten types, choose the mood from the conjunction, and tell the explicit clause from the implicit one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-toc-17797\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-toc-h-17797 gb-headline-text\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:24px\">Cosa impareremo oggi<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc46\ud83c\udffb Jump to section<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what\">What a subordinating conjunction is<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ten\">The ten types at a glance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mood\">The mood question: indicative or subjunctive<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#causal\">Causal: perch\u00e9, poich\u00e9, siccome<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#final\">Final: affinch\u00e9, perch\u00e9 di scopo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#concessive\">Concessive: bench\u00e9, sebbene vs anche se<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#temporal\">Temporal: quando, prima che, dopo che<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#others\">Conditional, consecutive, exceptive and the rest<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#explicit\">Explicit vs implicit clauses<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#result\">Result or purpose: the cos\u00ec che split<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian subordinating conjunctions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#dialog\">Dialog: at the editorial office<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#related\">Related guides<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what\">What an italian subordinating conjunction is<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A coordinating conjunction (<em>e<\/em>, <em>ma<\/em>, <em>o<\/em>) links two clauses of equal weight. An italian subordinating conjunction does the opposite: it takes one clause and makes it depend on another, marking it as the reason, the purpose, the time, the condition. <em>Pietro \u00e8 rimasto a casa<\/em> is a full sentence; <em>perch\u00e9 era stanco<\/em> cannot stand alone, it hangs under the first clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main clause carries the core fact; the subordinate clause, introduced by one of the italian subordinating conjunctions, adds the relation. Two questions matter for every type: which meaning does the conjunction express, and which mood does it force on its verb. The rest of this guide answers both, family by family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ten\">The ten types of italian subordinating conjunctions at a glance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grammar books group the italian subordinating conjunctions into ten families by the relation they express. You do not need to label them in conversation, but seeing the map makes the mood rules predictable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Type<\/th><th>Conjunctions<\/th><th>Mood<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Causal<\/td><td><em>perch\u00e9, poich\u00e9, siccome, giacch\u00e9, dato che<\/em><\/td><td>indicative<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Final (purpose)<\/td><td><em>affinch\u00e9, acciocch\u00e9, perch\u00e9<\/em> (= so that)<\/td><td>subjunctive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Temporal<\/td><td><em>quando, mentre, prima che, dopo che, finch\u00e9, appena<\/em><\/td><td>both<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Concessive<\/td><td><em>bench\u00e9, sebbene, nonostante, anche se<\/em><\/td><td>subj. (anche se: indic.)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conditional<\/td><td><em>se, qualora, purch\u00e9, a condizione che<\/em><\/td><td>both<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Consecutive<\/td><td><em>cos\u00ec che, tanto che, al punto che<\/em><\/td><td>indicative<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Comparative<\/td><td><em>come, come se, pi\u00f9 di quanto<\/em><\/td><td>both<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Modal<\/td><td><em>come, nel modo in cui, senza che<\/em><\/td><td>both<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Exceptive<\/td><td><em>a meno che, tranne che, salvo che, fuorch\u00e9<\/em><\/td><td>subjunctive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Declarative<\/td><td><em>che<\/em> (= the fact that)<\/td><td>both<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice the pattern already: the families that express something hypothetical, willed or not-yet-real (final, concessive, exceptive) lean subjunctive; the ones that state a fact (causal, consecutive) stay indicative. That single intuition resolves most of the italian subordinating conjunctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mood\">The mood question: indicative or subjunctive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the italian subordinating conjunctions the mood is usually decided by the conjunction, not by the main verb. This is the opposite of what English speakers expect, and it is the single most useful thing to internalise.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Always subjunctive:<\/strong> <em>affinch\u00e9, bench\u00e9, sebbene, nonostante, a meno che, prima che, senza che, qualora, purch\u00e9<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Always indicative:<\/strong> <em>poich\u00e9, siccome, giacch\u00e9, dato che, anche se, dopo che, mentre, cos\u00ec che<\/em> (result).<\/li>\n<li><strong>It depends on meaning:<\/strong> <em>perch\u00e9<\/em> (cause = indicative, purpose = subjunctive), <em>quando<\/em>, <em>se<\/em>, <em>che<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-focus-mood-17797\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udd0d <strong>The reality test.<\/strong> If the clause states a fact that happened or is true, the italian subordinating conjunctions take the indicative. If it states a goal, a concession, a hypothesis or something not (yet) real, they take the subjunctive. <em>Poich\u00e9 \u00e8 tardi<\/em> (it is late, a fact) versus <em>bench\u00e9 sia tardi<\/em> (granted it is late, a concession). Same idea, different mood, decided by the conjunction.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"causal\">Causal: perch\u00e9, poich\u00e9, siccome<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The causal italian subordinating conjunctions state the reason and take the indicative, because the cause is presented as a fact. <em>Perch\u00e9<\/em> is the everyday one and goes after the main clause; <em>poich\u00e9<\/em>, <em>siccome<\/em>, <em>giacch\u00e9<\/em>, <em>dato che<\/em> are more formal and often open the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Pietro ha perso la coincidenza <strong>perch\u00e9<\/strong> il treno era in ritardo.<\/em><br>Pietro missed the connection because the train was late.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Poich\u00e9<\/strong> insisteva, Caterina gli disse tutta la verit\u00e0.<\/em><br>Since he kept insisting, Caterina told him the whole truth.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Siccome<\/strong> la qualit\u00e0 peggiorava, quel locale ha perso clienti.<\/em><br>As the quality was getting worse, that place lost customers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the italian subordinating conjunctions, the causal family is the safe one: indicative, no exceptions, just a register difference between <em>perch\u00e9<\/em> and the others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"final\">Final: affinch\u00e9 and perch\u00e9 of purpose<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Final clauses express the purpose, the goal someone wants to bring about, so they take the subjunctive. The marked conjunctions are <em>affinch\u00e9<\/em> and <em>acciocch\u00e9<\/em>; and <em>perch\u00e9<\/em> itself also joins this family when it means &#8220;in order that&#8221;, and then it switches from indicative to subjunctive.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Caterina ha aperto le finestre <strong>affinch\u00e9<\/strong> l&#8217;aria circolasse meglio.<\/em><br>Caterina opened the windows so that the air would circulate better.<\/li>\n<li><em>Te lo spiego di nuovo <strong>perch\u00e9<\/strong> tu lo capisca bene.<\/em><br>I will explain it again so that you understand it well. (purpose, subjunctive)<\/li>\n<li><em>Parla lentamente <strong>in modo che<\/strong> tutti possano seguire.<\/em><br>Speak slowly so that everyone can follow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Watch the <em>perch\u00e9<\/em> split, the classic trap of the italian subordinating conjunctions: <em>ho aperto la finestra perch\u00e9 faceva caldo<\/em> (because it was hot, cause, indicative) versus <em>ho aperto la finestra perch\u00e9 entrasse aria<\/em> (so that air would come in, purpose, subjunctive). The verb mood is what tells the reader which <em>perch\u00e9<\/em> you mean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"concessive\">Concessive: bench\u00e9, sebbene versus anche se<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The concessive italian subordinating conjunctions mean &#8220;although, despite the fact that&#8221;. The concessive conjunctions <em>bench\u00e9<\/em>, <em>sebbene<\/em>, <em>nonostante (che)<\/em>, <em>per quanto<\/em>, <em>quantunque<\/em>, <em>malgrado<\/em> all take the subjunctive. The one big exception is <em>anche se<\/em> (&#8220;even though&#8221;), which keeps the indicative.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>Bench\u00e9<\/strong> fosse stanca, Elena ha finito il restauro entro sera.<\/em><br>Although she was tired, Elena finished the restoration by evening.<\/li>\n<li><em>Lo far\u00f2, <strong>sebbene<\/strong> non ne abbia molta voglia.<\/em><br>I will do it, even though I do not much feel like it.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Anche se<\/strong> piove, andiamo lo stesso al mercato di Lucca.<\/em><br>Even though it is raining, we are going to the Lucca market anyway. (indicative)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This <em>bench\u00e9<\/em>-subjunctive versus <em>anche se<\/em>-indicative split is the most tested contrast among the concessive italian subordinating conjunctions. A useful side note: <em>bench\u00e9<\/em> followed by an indicative reads as &#8220;but, yet&#8221;, a different, looser connector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"temporal\">Temporal: quando, prima che, dopo che<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The temporal italian subordinating conjunctions place the subordinate event in time. Mood depends on the conjunction and the time relation. <em>Prima che<\/em> always takes the subjunctive (the event has not happened yet); <em>dopo che<\/em>, <em>quando<\/em>, <em>mentre<\/em>, <em>appena<\/em> take the indicative; <em>finch\u00e9<\/em> takes the indicative, often with a pleonastic <em>non<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>Prima che<\/strong> faccia buio, sistemiamo gli attrezzi in officina.<\/em><br>Before it gets dark, let us put the tools away in the workshop. (subjunctive)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Dopo che<\/strong> ebbe firmato il contratto, ritir\u00f2 le chiavi.<\/em><br>After he had signed the contract, he picked up the keys. (indicative)<\/li>\n<li><em>Aspetta in biblioteca <strong>finch\u00e9 non<\/strong> torno.<\/em><br>Wait in the library until I come back. (indicative, pleonastic non)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reliable rule inside the temporal italian subordinating conjunctions: only <em>prima che<\/em> and <em>senza che<\/em> are systematically subjunctive; the others stay indicative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"others\">Conditional, consecutive, exceptive and the rest<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Four more families round out the italian subordinating conjunctions, each with a clear mood signature, and together they complete the map of the italian subordinating conjunctions.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Conditional.<\/strong> <em>Se<\/em> follows the if-clause rules; <em>qualora<\/em>, <em>purch\u00e9<\/em>, <em>a condizione che<\/em>, <em>a patto che<\/em> take the subjunctive. <em>Verremo, purch\u00e9 non piova.<\/em><br>We will come, provided it does not rain.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consecutive.<\/strong> <em>cos\u00ec&#8230; che<\/em>, <em>tanto&#8230; che<\/em>, <em>al punto che<\/em> state a real result, so indicative. <em>Ha studiato cos\u00ec tanto che ha superato l&#8217;esame.<\/em><br>He studied so much that he passed the exam.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exceptive.<\/strong> <em>a meno che<\/em>, <em>tranne che<\/em>, <em>salvo che<\/em>, <em>fuorch\u00e9<\/em> take the subjunctive, usually with pleonastic <em>non<\/em>. <em>Non parto a meno che Caterina non venga.<\/em><br>I will not leave unless Caterina comes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comparative and modal.<\/strong> <em>come<\/em>, <em>come se<\/em> (subjunctive), <em>pi\u00f9 di quanto<\/em>, <em>nel modo in cui<\/em>. <em>Si comporta come se fosse il capo.<\/em><br>He behaves as if he were the boss.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The declarative <em>che<\/em> (&#8220;the fact that&#8221;) closes the list of italian subordinating conjunctions: its mood follows the governing verb, exactly like the <em>che<\/em> after <em>credo<\/em>, <em>penso<\/em>, <em>\u00e8 probabile<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"explicit\">Explicit vs implicit clauses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many of the italian subordinating conjunctions have an implicit twin built with an infinitive instead of a conjugated verb, used when the two clauses share the same subject. This is a structural feature of the italian subordinating conjunctions, not an optional flourish. It is shorter and very common.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Final, explicit: <em>Ti scrivo <strong>affinch\u00e9<\/strong> tu sappia la verit\u00e0.<\/em> Implicit: <em>Ti scrivo <strong>per<\/strong> farti sapere la verit\u00e0.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Temporal, explicit: <em><strong>Prima che<\/strong> io parta<\/em>. Implicit: <em><strong>Prima di<\/strong> partire<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Causal, explicit: <em><strong>Poich\u00e9<\/strong> aveva finito<\/em>. Implicit: <em><strong>Avendo<\/strong> finito<\/em> (gerund).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rule of thumb: same subject in both clauses, prefer the implicit infinitive (<em>prima di partire<\/em>); different subjects, you must use the explicit conjunction plus a finite verb (<em>prima che tu parta<\/em>). This is where many learners overuse the explicit form and sound heavy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"result\">Result or purpose: the cos\u00ec che split<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One more place where the mood, not the conjunction, carries the meaning. The phrases <em>in modo che<\/em>, <em>in maniera che<\/em>, <em>cos\u00ec che<\/em> sit on the border between two families of italian subordinating conjunctions: with the subjunctive they express an intended purpose, with the indicative they express a plain result that simply happened.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Accese un fuoco <strong>cos\u00ec che<\/strong> li vedessero subito.<\/em><br>He lit a fire so that they would see them at once. (purpose, subjunctive: he wanted it)<\/li>\n<li><em>Accese un fuoco <strong>cos\u00ec che<\/strong> li videro subito.<\/em><br>He lit a fire, so that they saw them at once. (result, indicative: it just happened)<\/li>\n<li><em>Parla piano <strong>in modo che<\/strong> tutti capiscano.<\/em><br>Speak softly so that everyone understands. (intended, subjunctive)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the consecutive-versus-final overlap in a nutshell: same connector among the italian subordinating conjunctions, subjunctive for &#8220;in order that&#8221;, indicative for &#8220;with the result that&#8221;. The causative pair <em>fare che<\/em> and <em>fare s\u00ec che<\/em> are the exception: they always take the subjunctive, whether the outcome was wanted or accidental, as in <em>il sole ha fatto s\u00ec che gli alberi morissero<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cheat-sheet\">Cheat sheet: italian subordinating conjunctions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The whole system on one card. Keep it open while you build complex sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Family<\/th><th>Key conjunctions<\/th><th>Mood<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Causal<\/td><td>perch\u00e9, poich\u00e9, siccome<\/td><td>indicative<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Final<\/td><td>affinch\u00e9, perch\u00e9 (purpose)<\/td><td>subjunctive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Concessive<\/td><td>bench\u00e9, sebbene \/ anche se<\/td><td>subj. \/ indic.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Temporal<\/td><td>quando, dopo che \/ prima che<\/td><td>indic. \/ subj.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conditional<\/td><td>se, purch\u00e9, qualora<\/td><td>both \/ subj.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Consecutive<\/td><td>cos\u00ec che, tanto che<\/td><td>indicative<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Exceptive<\/td><td>a meno che, salvo che<\/td><td>subjunctive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Comparative<\/td><td>come se, pi\u00f9 di quanto<\/td><td>subjunctive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Implicit twin<\/td><td>per, prima di, avendo<\/td><td>infinitive \/ gerund<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mistakes\">Common mistakes English speakers make with italian subordinating conjunctions<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Indicative after bench\u00e9.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Bench\u00e9 \u00e8 tardi<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Bench\u00e9 sia tardi<\/em>. Concessives take the subjunctive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Subjunctive after anche se.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Anche se sia tardi<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Anche se \u00e8 tardi<\/em>. <em>Anche se<\/em> is the indicative exception.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Same mood for both perch\u00e9.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Te lo dico perch\u00e9 lo sai<\/em> for purpose. \u2705 <em>Te lo dico perch\u00e9 tu lo sappia<\/em> (so that you know).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indicative after prima che.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Prima che parti<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Prima che tu parta<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Explicit clause with same subject.<\/strong> \u274c <em>Esco prima che io mangi<\/em>. \u2705 <em>Esco prima di mangiare<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the families that take it, see our guide on the <a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-present-subjunctive\/\">Italian present subjunctive<\/a>. For the <em>-ch\u00e9<\/em> group in detail, <a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-che-conjunctions\/\">Italian -ch\u00e9 conjunctions<\/a>. For concession specifically, <a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-concessive-clauses-sebbene-bench\u00e9-anche-se\/\">Italian concessive clauses<\/a>. The institutional reference is the Accademia della Crusca note on the <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/uso-del-congiuntivo\/104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uso del congiuntivo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-task-1-17797\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong>Mini-challenge.<\/strong> Choose the mood the conjunction forces. Read each sentence aloud once.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Poich\u00e9 _____ (essere) tardi, Pietro \u00e8 tornato a casa.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Te lo ripeto affinch\u00e9 tu lo _____ (capire) bene.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Bench\u00e9 _____ (piovere), siamo andati a Padova lo stesso.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Anche se _____ (essere) stanca, Caterina ha finito il lavoro.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Prima che _____ (fare) buio, rientriamo.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Non parto a meno che tu non _____ (venire) con me.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details><summary><strong>Show answers<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>1. <em>era<\/em> (causale, indicativo) \u00b7 2. <em>capisca<\/em> (finale, congiuntivo) \u00b7 3. <em>piovesse<\/em> (concessiva, congiuntivo) \u00b7 4. <em>era<\/em> (anche se, indicativo) \u00b7 5. <em>faccia<\/em> (prima che, congiuntivo) \u00b7 6. <em>venga<\/em> (eccettuativa, congiuntivo)<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dialog\">Dialog: at the editorial office<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elena and Pietro close a manuscript at a small publishing office in Lucca. The dialog runs the italian subordinating conjunctions across cause, purpose, concession, time and condition.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dialog-17797\"><div class=\"gb-inside-container\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> <strong>Siccome<\/strong> il refuso \u00e8 a pagina due, lo correggo subito <strong>prima che<\/strong> vada in stampa.<br><em>Since the typo is on page two, I will fix it right away before it goes to print.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Bene. Rileggi anche la nota, <strong>affinch\u00e9<\/strong> il senso sia chiaro al lettore.<br><em>Good. Reread the footnote too, so that the meaning is clear to the reader.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> <strong>Bench\u00e9<\/strong> sia lunga, la lascio: spiega bene il contesto.<br><em>Although it is long, I am keeping it: it explains the context well.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> D&#8217;accordo. <strong>Anche se<\/strong> il tempo \u00e8 poco, controlliamo le citazioni una per una.<br><em>All right. Even though time is short, let us check the citations one by one.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Le mando in tipografia <strong>dopo che<\/strong> avr\u00f2 finito la revisione.<br><em>I will send them to the printer after I have finished the proofreading.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Pietro:<\/strong> Perfetto, <strong>purch\u00e9<\/strong> il file sia pronto entro venerd\u00ec.<br><em>Perfect, provided the file is ready by Friday.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc69\ud83c\udffd\u200d\ud83e\uddb1 <strong>Elena:<\/strong> Lo sar\u00e0, <strong>a meno che<\/strong> non saltino di nuovo le prove di stampa.<br><em>It will be, unless the print proofs fall through again.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Count the moods: <em>siccome<\/em> and <em>dopo che<\/em> indicative; <em>prima che, affinch\u00e9, bench\u00e9, purch\u00e9, a meno che<\/em> subjunctive; <em>anche se<\/em> indicative. One short exchange exercises the whole table of italian subordinating conjunctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quiz\">Test your understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A quiz on the italian subordinating conjunctions, the ten types and the mood each one forces, is on its way. 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style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Un <strong>Pacchetto da 10 Lezioni<\/strong> ti d&agrave; dieci sessioni di 55 minuti con un insegnante madrelingua, ai tuoi tempi.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#7b2d8b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Pacchetto 10 Lezioni<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Pacchetto 10 Lezioni\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=8\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#7b2d8b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri il Pacchetto 10 Lezioni &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Coraggio: un passo alla volta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 41 to 65%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #fde2e2, #ab2227); width:53%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottima base. Costruiamoci sopra.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Una <strong>lezione settimanale 1:1<\/strong> ti d&agrave; il ritmo e il feedback personalizzato per trasformare ci&ograve; che sai in italiano che parli senza pensarci.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#ab2227; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Lezione settimanale 1:1<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">Individuale<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/vacanze.webp\" alt=\"Lezione settimanale 1:1\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Qualsiasi livello<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Sessione individuale di 55 minuti su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Insegnante madrelingua personale<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Materiali interattivi online<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Compiti dopo ogni lezione<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=4\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#ab2227; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Prenota una lezione 1:1 settimanale &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Avanti tutta!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 66 to 85%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #faecc4, #b8860b); width:75%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Ottimo lavoro. Sei pronto\/a per il gruppo.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong> ti porta nell&#8217;italiano vero, al ritmo dei madrelingua.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#b8860b; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#b8860b; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">Ci vediamo in classe!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                            <li style=\"display: none;\">\n                            <div>\n                                <div style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; max-width:640px; margin:0 auto; padding:36px 24px; color:#1a1a1a; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center;\">\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; font-weight:700; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; line-height:1.2;\">Ciao ,<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:13px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:16px 0 14px;\">Il tuo risultato &middot; 86 to 100%<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f0f0; height:7px; border-radius:4px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 auto 36px; max-width:320px;\">\n<div style=\"background:linear-gradient(90deg, #cce5d5, #2d6a4f); width:93%; height:7px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:26px; color:#1a1a1a; margin:0 0 14px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.35;\">Bravissimo! Ce l&#8217;hai fatta.<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:18px; color:#333; line-height:1.65; margin:0 auto 38px; max-width:520px;\"><strong>Il nostro consiglio.<\/strong> Sei pronto\/a per <strong>Quattro Chiacchiere (B2-C1)<\/strong>, 100% in italiano.<\/p>\n<div style=\"height:1px; background:#e8e8e8; margin:0 auto 30px; max-width:120px;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:12px; color:#666; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1.5px; margin:0 0 10px;\">Prossimo passo consigliato<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:30px; color:#2d6a4f; margin:0 0 6px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.2;\">Quattro Chiacchiere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:16px; color:#666; margin:0 0 24px;\">B2-C1<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/4-chiacchierebianco.webp\" alt=\"Quattro Chiacchiere\" style=\"width:140px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 26px; display:block;\"\/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; color:#333; line-height:1.8; list-style:disc; padding-left:22px; margin:0 auto 32px; max-width:460px; text-align:left; display:inline-block;\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">100% in italiano<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Piccoli gruppi, max 4 studenti<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Lezioni settimanali su Zoom<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 6px;\">Grammatica, lettura, vocabolario, ascolto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/membership-checkout\/?level=2\" style=\"display:inline-block; padding:18px 40px; background:#2d6a4f; color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; border-radius:8px; font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:0.3px;\">Scopri Quattro Chiacchiere &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif; font-size:19px; font-style:italic; color:#555; margin:42px 0 0;\">A presto su Zoom!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div style=\"margin: 10px 0px;\">\n                                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewDiv\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion\">\n                <ol>\n                                            <li>1<\/li>\n                                            <li>2<\/li>\n                                    <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewLegend\">\n                <ol>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #6CA54C;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Answered<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                    <li>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewColor\" style=\"background-color: #FFB800;\"><\/span>\n                        <span class=\"wpProQuiz_reviewText\">Review<\/span>\n                    <\/li>\n                <\/ol>\n                <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div>\n                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"review\" value=\"Review question\"\n                           class=\"wpProQuiz_button2\" style=\"float: left; display: block;\">\n                                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_quizAnker\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_quiz\">\n            <ol class=\"wpProQuiz_list\">\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>1<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>1<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Italian subordinating conjunctions: pick the right one<\/h3>\n<p>Each item follows a small literary circle and an independent bookshop between Macerata, Ancona and Loreto. Pick the subordinating conjunction that fits both the meaning of the clause and the mood of its verb. The ten families are tested: causal, final, concessive (twice, subjunctive and indicative), temporal (twice, subjunctive and indicative), conditional, exceptive, consecutive, comparative.<\/p>\n<p><em>Reminder: the conjunction decides the mood. Poiche, siccome, dopo che, anche se, cosi che (result) take the indicative. Affinche, benche, sebbene, prima che, purche, a meno che, come se take the subjunctive. Perche splits: cause = indicative, purpose = subjunctive.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"color:#888;\"><strong>Note.<\/strong> If your keyboard doesn&#8217;t have Italian accents, you can type an apostrophe instead &#8211; <code>e'<\/code> for <code>&egrave;<\/code>, <code>perche'<\/code> for <code>perch&eacute;<\/code>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6934\"\n                                data-type=\"cloze_answer\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                        <hr\/><ol><li>Letizia ha rimandato la presentazione del giallo di Marcello (affinch\u00e9, bench\u00e9, poich\u00e9) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(poich\u00e9, poiche')<\/span><\/span> il sindaco di Macerata aveva fissato un evento sportivo nella stessa sera.<br><br><em>Letizia rescheduled the launch of Marcello's mystery novel because the mayor of Macerata had set a sports event for the same evening.<\/em><\/li><li>Marcello rilegge ogni capitolo almeno due volte (affinch\u00e9, poich\u00e9, anche se) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(affinch\u00e9, affinche')<\/span><\/span> il senso resti chiaro anche per chi non conosce la collina dei Sibillini.<br><br><em>Marcello rereads each chapter at least twice so that the meaning remains clear even for those who do not know the Sibillini hills.<\/em><\/li><li>(Sebbene, Anche se, Bench\u00e9) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(Bench\u00e9, Benche')<\/span><\/span> fosse gi\u00e0 le otto di sera, Ornella ha riaperto la libreria di Ancona per accogliere un gruppo di lettori in ritardo.<br><br><em>Although it was already eight in the evening, Ornella reopened the Ancona bookshop to welcome a group of readers who were running late.<\/em><\/li><li>Tobiolo ha consegnato il racconto entro la scadenza (anche se, bench\u00e9, affinch\u00e9) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(anche se)<\/span><\/span> Letizia gli aveva chiesto modifiche all'ultimo minuto.<br><br><em>Tobiolo turned in the short story by the deadline even though Letizia had asked him for last-minute changes.<\/em><\/li><li>Letizia vuole verificare ancora una volta le citazioni (dopo che, prima che, quando) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"9\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(prima che)<\/span><\/span> il libro vada in stampa, perch\u00e9 un errore proprio in copertina sarebbe imbarazzante.<br><br><em>Letizia wants to double-check the citations before the book goes to print, because an error right on the cover would be embarrassing.<\/em><\/li><li>(Prima che, Dopo che, Mentre) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"8\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(Dopo che)<\/span><\/span> ha finito di leggere il manoscritto, Marcello ha portato le bozze alla rilegatrice di Loreto.<br><br><em>After he had finished reading the manuscript, Marcello took the proofs to the bookbinder in Loreto.<\/em><\/li><li>Il circolo letterario accoglie volentieri nuovi soci, (perch\u00e9, siccome, purch\u00e9) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(purch\u00e9, purche')<\/span><\/span> portino almeno un libro letto di recente di cui parlare con il gruppo.<br><br><em>The literary circle gladly welcomes new members, provided they bring at least one recently read book to discuss with the group.<\/em><\/li><li>Ornella non presta mai un'edizione rara della libreria, (prima che, a meno che, dopo che) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(a meno che)<\/span><\/span> non sia un cliente fidato da almeno dieci anni.<br><br><em>Ornella never lends out a rare edition from the bookshop, unless the customer has been a trusted regular for at least ten years.<\/em><\/li><li>Il racconto di Tobiolo sulla casa natale di Leopardi era (cos\u00ec, poich\u00e9, perch\u00e9) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"5\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(cos\u00ec, cosi')<\/span><\/span> vivace che Letizia lo ha scelto per aprire l'antologia del circolo.<br><br><em>Tobiolo's short story on Leopardi's birthplace was so vivid that Letizia chose it to open the literary circle's anthology.<\/em><\/li><li>Marcello parla del Conero (come, come se, anche se) <span class=\"wpProQuiz_cloze\"><input data-wordlen=\"7\" type=\"text\" value=\"\"> <span class=\"wpProQuiz_clozeCorrect\" style=\"display: none;\">(come se)<\/span><\/span> ci fosse cresciuto, anche se in realt\u00e0 si \u00e8 trasferito ad Ancona solo tre anni fa.<br><br><em>Marcello speaks about the Conero as if he had grown up there, even though he actually moved to Ancona only three years ago.<\/em><\/li><\/ol><hr\/>                                    <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>10 out of 10. You can read the mood off the conjunction.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>Review the family-to-mood map across the ten items:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>poich&eacute;<\/strong> il sindaco aveva fissato un evento sportivo (causal: indicative, stated reason)<\/li>\n<li><strong>affinch&eacute;<\/strong> il senso resti chiaro (final: subjunctive, intended goal)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bench&eacute;<\/strong> fosse gi&agrave; le otto (concessive: subjunctive)<\/li>\n<li><strong>anche se<\/strong> Letizia gli aveva chiesto modifiche (concessive exception: indicative)<\/li>\n<li><strong>prima che<\/strong> il libro vada in stampa (temporal not-yet-happened: subjunctive)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dopo che<\/strong> ha finito di leggere il manoscritto (temporal already-happened: indicative)<\/li>\n<li><strong>purch&eacute;<\/strong> portino almeno un libro letto di recente (conditional: subjunctive)<\/li>\n<li><strong>a meno che<\/strong> non sia un cliente fidato (exceptive: subjunctive, with pleonastic non)<\/li>\n<li><strong>cos&igrave;<\/strong> vivace <strong>che<\/strong> Letizia lo ha scelto per aprire l&#8217;antologia (consecutive result: indicative)<\/li>\n<li><strong>come se<\/strong> ci fosse cresciuto (comparative hypothetical: subjunctive imperfect)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Vocabulary:<\/strong> bozze = proofs &middot; manoscritto = manuscript &middot; rilegatrice = bookbinder (female) &middot; antologia = anthology &middot; vivace = lively, vivid &middot; circolo letterario = literary circle &middot; pleonastico = redundant (kept by convention).<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p><strong>Fact vs hypothesis test.<\/strong> If the clause states a fact that happened or is true, the conjunction takes the <em>indicative<\/em>: poiche, siccome, dopo che, anche se, cosi che (result). If it states a goal, a concession, a hypothesis, or something not yet real, the conjunction takes the <em>subjunctive<\/em>: affinche, benche, sebbene, prima che, purche, a meno che, come se.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The perche trap.<\/strong> Cause = indicative. Purpose = subjunctive. The verb mood is the only signal that tells the reader which perche you mean.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_listItem\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_question_page\" style=\"display:none;\" >\n                            Question <span>2<\/span> of <span>2<\/span>                        <\/div>\n                        <h5 style=\"display: none;\"\n                            class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">\n                            <span>2<\/span>. Question                        <\/h5>\n\n                        \n                                                <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question\" style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n                            <div class=\"wpProQuiz_question_text\">\n                                <h3 style=\"text-align:center;\">Italian subordinating conjunctions: identify type and mood<\/h3>\n<p>Each set shows three versions of one short sentence. Select the ONE that uses the right subordinating conjunction with the right mood. The four common traps are tested: perche cause vs purpose, benche vs anche se (subjunctive vs indicative), prima che + cong vs same-subject implicit &#8220;prima di + inf&#8221;, and a meno che + non + cong.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <ul class=\"wpProQuiz_questionList\" data-question_id=\"6935\"\n                                data-type=\"multiple\">\n                                \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"0\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"1\"> Letizia ha tagliato il finale del racconto perch\u00e9 il testo fosse troppo lungo per l'antologia.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"1\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"2\"> Letizia ha tagliato il finale del racconto perch\u00e9 il testo era troppo lungo per l'antologia.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"2\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"3\"> Letizia ha taglia il finale del racconto perch\u00e9 il testo sia stato troppo lungo per l'antologia.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"3\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"4\"> Bench\u00e9 era domenica, Ornella \u00e8 andata in libreria per finire la vetrina del nuovo titolo.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"4\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"5\"> Anche se fosse domenica, Ornella \u00e8 andata in libreria per finire la vetrina del nuovo titolo.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"5\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"6\"> Bench\u00e9 fosse domenica, Ornella \u00e8 andata in libreria per finire la vetrina del nuovo titolo.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"6\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"7\"> Marcello ha riletto il capitolo prima di consegnarlo alla rilegatrice.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"7\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"8\"> Marcello ha riletto il capitolo prima che lui lo consegnasse alla rilegatrice.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"8\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"9\"> Marcello ha riletto il capitolo prima che lo consegni alla rilegatrice.<hr\/>                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"9\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"10\"> Tobiolo finir\u00e0 il racconto entro venerd\u00ec, a meno che la libraia di Loreto non gli sposta la presentazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"10\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"11\"> Tobiolo finir\u00e0 il racconto entro venerd\u00ec, a meno se la libraia di Loreto gli sposti la presentazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                    \n                                    <li class=\"wpProQuiz_questionListItem\" data-pos=\"11\">\n\n                                                                                                                                <span style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                                            <label>\n                                                <input class=\"wpProQuiz_questionInput\"\n                                                       type=\"checkbox\"\n                                                       name=\"question_234_6935\"\n                                                       value=\"12\"> Tobiolo finir\u00e0 il racconto entro venerd\u00ec, a meno che la libraia di Loreto non gli sposti la presentazione.                                            <\/label>\n\n                                                                            <\/li>\n                                                                <\/ul>\n                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_response\" style=\"display: none;\">\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_correct\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>4 out of 4. The mood-from-conjunction reflex is in place.<\/p><\/p>                                <\/div>\n                                <div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_incorrect\">\n                                                                            <span class=\"wpProQuiz_respone_span\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><br>\n                                    <p><hr \/>\n<p>The four traps tested here, one per set:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>perch&eacute; cause vs purpose.<\/strong> Cause is a fact, so indicative: <em>Letizia ha tagliato il finale perch&eacute; il testo <strong>era<\/strong> troppo lungo<\/em>. Purpose would force the subjunctive (<em>perch&eacute; il testo <strong>fosse<\/strong><\/em>), but here the meaning is plain cause, not goal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>bench&eacute; vs anche se.<\/strong> Both mean &#8220;although&#8221;, but the mood differs: <em>bench&eacute; <strong>fosse<\/strong> domenica<\/em> (concessive: subjunctive), never <em>bench&eacute; era domenica<\/em> nor <em>anche se fosse domenica<\/em>. Anche se keeps the indicative.<\/li>\n<li><strong>prima che + cong vs same-subject implicit.<\/strong> When both clauses share the same subject, Italian prefers the implicit infinitive: <em>Marcello ha riletto il capitolo <strong>prima di consegnarlo<\/strong><\/em>. The explicit <em>prima che lui lo consegnasse<\/em> sounds heavy and is wrong with co-reference; <em>prima che lo consegni<\/em> mixes mood and subject reference.<\/li>\n<li><strong>a meno che + non + cong.<\/strong> The exceptive always takes the subjunctive, with pleonastic non: <em>a meno che la libraia non gli <strong>sposti<\/strong> la presentazione<\/em>. The indicative (<em>non gli sposta<\/em>) breaks the rule; <em>a meno se<\/em> does not exist in Italian.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Vocabulary:<\/strong> pleonastico = redundant (kept by convention) &middot; co-riferimento = shared subject across two clauses &middot; implicito = clause built with infinitive or gerund instead of a finite verb.<\/p>\n<\/p>                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                    <div class=\"wpProQuiz_tipp\" style=\"display: none; position: relative;\">\n                                <div>\n                                    <h5 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px;\" class=\"wpProQuiz_header\">Hint<\/h5>\n                                    <p>Only ONE option per set has the right conjunction AND the right mood. The other two break one of the four canonical traps: wrong mood after benche\/prima che, wrong mood after anche se, or wrong structure for the exceptive a meno che (missing pleonastic non, or indicative instead of subjunctive, or non-existent &#8220;a meno se&#8221;).<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        \n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"back\" value=\"Back\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: left !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                                                    <input type=\"button\" name=\"tip\" value=\"Hint\"\n                                   class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton wpProQuiz_TipButton\"\n                                   style=\"float: left !important; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px !important;\">\n                                                <input type=\"button\" name=\"check\" value=\"Check\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\"\n                               style=\"float: right !important; margin-right: 10px !important; display: none;\">\n                        <input type=\"button\" name=\"next\" value=\"Next\"\n                               class=\"wpProQuiz_button wpProQuiz_QuestionButton\" style=\"float: right; display: none;\">\n\n                        <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\n                        \n                    <\/li>\n\n                            <\/ol>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n            window.wpProQuizInitList = window.wpProQuizInitList || [];\n\n            window.wpProQuizInitList.push({\n                id: '#wpProQuiz_234',\n                init: {\n                    quizId: 234,\n                    mode: 2,\n                    globalPoints: 14,\n                    timelimit: 0,\n                    resultsGrade: [0,41,66,86],\n                    bo: 7560,\n                    qpp: 0,\n                    catPoints: {\"389\":10,\"390\":4},\n                    formPos: 0,\n                    lbn: \"Finish quiz\",\n                    json: {\"6934\":{\"type\":\"cloze_answer\",\"id\":6934,\"catId\":389,\"points\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],\"correct\":[[\"poich\\u00e9\",\"poiche'\"],[\"affinch\\u00e9\",\"affinche'\"],[\"bench\\u00e9\",\"benche'\"],[\"anche se\"],[\"prima che\"],[\"dopo che\"],[\"purch\\u00e9\",\"purche'\"],[\"a meno che\"],[\"cos\\u00ec\",\"cosi'\"],[\"come se\"]]},\"6935\":{\"type\":\"multiple\",\"id\":6935,\"catId\":390,\"points\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1],\"correct\":[0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1]}}                }\n            });\n        <\/script>\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:36px;color:#ab2227;margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:0.3em;font-family:Georgia,serif\">\u00a7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seven questions about the italian subordinating conjunctions come up in every B2 cohort. The answers draw on classroom usage and on the Accademia della Crusca note on the <a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/uso-del-congiuntivo\/104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uso del congiuntivo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-sc-1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is a subordinating conjunction in Italian?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>It is a word that makes one clause depend on another, marking it as the cause, purpose, time, condition or concession. Perch\u00e9, poich\u00e9, bench\u00e9, affinch\u00e9, quando, se, a meno che are all subordinating conjunctions. The clause they introduce cannot stand alone: perch\u00e9 era stanco needs a main clause to lean on.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sc-2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Which subordinating conjunctions take the subjunctive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>The ones that express purpose, concession, hypothesis or something not yet real: affinch\u00e9, bench\u00e9, sebbene, nonostante, a meno che, prima che, senza che, qualora, purch\u00e9, come se. The ones that state a fact take the indicative: poich\u00e9, siccome, dato che, anche se, dopo che, mentre, cos\u00ec che (result).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sc-3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Why does perch\u00e9 sometimes take the subjunctive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Because perch\u00e9 has two jobs. As a causal conjunction (because) it takes the indicative: ho aperto la finestra perch\u00e9 faceva caldo. As a final conjunction (so that, in order that) it takes the subjunctive: ho aperto la finestra perch\u00e9 entrasse aria. The verb mood is what tells the reader which perch\u00e9 you mean.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sc-4\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the difference between bench\u00e9 and anche se?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Both mean although, but the mood differs. Bench\u00e9, sebbene, nonostante, quantunque take the subjunctive: bench\u00e9 sia tardi. Anche se takes the indicative: anche se \u00e8 tardi. This bench\u00e9-subjunctive versus anche se-indicative split is the most tested concessive contrast.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sc-5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">How many types of subordinating conjunctions are there?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Grammars list ten by meaning: causal, final, temporal, concessive, conditional, consecutive, comparative, modal, exceptive and declarative. You do not label them in speech, but the family predicts the mood: factual families stay indicative, hypothetical or willed families take the subjunctive.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sc-6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">What is the difference between an explicit and an implicit subordinate clause?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>An explicit clause uses a conjunction plus a finite verb: prima che tu parta. An implicit clause uses a preposition plus an infinitive or a gerund, when both clauses share the same subject: prima di partire, per farti sapere, avendo finito. Same subject favours the implicit form; different subjects force the explicit one.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-sc-7\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">Does prima che always take the subjunctive?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Yes. Prima che describes an event that has not happened yet, so it always takes the subjunctive: prima che faccia buio, prima che tu parta. With the same subject, switch to the implicit prima di plus infinitive: prima di partire. The same subjunctive rule covers senza che.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related\">Related guides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three guides that pair with the italian subordinating conjunctions, plus an institutional reference.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-present-subjunctive\/\">Italian Present Subjunctive<\/a>: the mood half the families force.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-che-conjunctions\/\">Italian -ch\u00e9 Conjunctions<\/a>: affinch\u00e9, purch\u00e9, bench\u00e9, poich\u00e9 in detail.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-concessive-clauses-sebbene-bench\u00e9-anche-se\/\">Italian Concessive Clauses<\/a>: bench\u00e9, sebbene, anche se in depth.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/accademiadellacrusca.it\/it\/consulenza\/uso-del-congiuntivo\/104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Accademia della Crusca: uso del congiuntivo<\/a>: institutional note.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83d\udd0d In short. Italian subordinating conjunctions (congiunzioni subordinative) are the words that hang one clause under another: perch\u00e9, bench\u00e9, affinch\u00e9, quando, se, a meno che and the rest. They fall into ten families by meaning (causal, final, temporal, concessive, conditional, consecutive, comparative, modal, exceptive, declarative). The single thing that decides whether the verb goes in &#8230; <a title=\"Italian Subordinating Conjunctions: 10 Types + Mood\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/italian-subordinating-conjunctions\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Italian Subordinating Conjunctions: 10 Types + Mood\">Read more \u226b<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1866],"tags":[1194,1147,1144,1141,1201,1192,1190,1206,1204,931,1205,1142,1200,1196,1145,1197,1198,1140,1202,1193,1139,1195,1203,1191],"class_list":["post-17797","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-b2","tag-a-meno-che","tag-anche-se","tag-ancorche","tag-benche","tag-come-se","tag-eccetto-che","tag-fuorche","tag-laddove","tag-malgrado-che","tag-mentre","tag-nel-modo-che","tag-nonostante-che","tag-ome","tag-per-quanta","tag-per-quanto","tag-per-quello-che","tag-quando","tag-quantunque","tag-quasi","tag-salvo-che","tag-sebbene","tag-senza-che","tag-seppure","tag-tranne-che","no-featured-image-padding","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17797","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17797"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62276,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17797\/revisions\/62276"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17797"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dante-learning.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}